The EU regime for trading and settling tokenised securities: who gets a permission, the €500m, €1bn and €6bn caps, exemptions from MiFID II and CSDR, the ESMA register and the 2025 Commission proposal.
Hamilton Reserve Bank in Nevis: licence, account minimums, custody, fees, deposit disputes, September 2026 court ruling and creditor coordination.
MAS licences for dealing (CMS) and financial advice: base capital from S$50,000 to S$5 million, resident CEO, review of up to six months, fees, client money.
Cayman, BVI, Bermuda and Seychelles VASP regimes compared: status, capital, fees, local presence, travel rule and why none opens access to EU or UK clients.
Hong Kong VA dealing and custody licences under the AMLO: Type 1 scope, private-key test, HK$5 million and HK$10 million capital, no deeming; bill due Q4 2026.
Cyprus, Malta, Bulgaria or Lithuania for a MiFID II firm: capital is the same, so fees, the clock, investor compensation, CFD rules, staff costs and tax decide.
Kazakhstan broker licence: AFSA in the AIFC (base capital USD 10,000–500,000, 2–3 months) or ARDFM (10,000–50,000 MRP minimum capital, 30 working days).
FCA authorisation for a UK investment firm: RAO activities, capital from £75,000 under IFPR, CASS audit, SMCR, threshold conditions, statutory and actual FCA timelines, FSCS £85,000, appointed representatives.
US broker-dealer: Form BD, FINRA new member application (180 days), Rule 15c3-1 net capital from $5,000 to $250,000, buying a firm under Rule 1017, SIPC cover.
EU investment firm licence: the nine Annex I MiFID II services, €75k–750k initial capital under the IFD, IFR classes, €20k investor compensation, passporting, reverse solicitation and sanctions for Russian UBOs.
Cyprus Investment Firm under Law 87(I)/2017: €75,000–€750,000 initial capital, CySEC application fee from €7,000, decision within six months, ICF cover up to €20,000, CFD limits and sanctions for Russian UBOs.
SFC licensing under the SFO: Types 1, 2, 4 and 9, two responsible officers, FRR capital from HK$100,000 to HK$5 million, 10–15 week timelines, fees, substantial shareholders and virtual assets.
Bulgarian MiFID II investment firm: FSC licence, €75 000–750 000 capital, IFR own funds, decision in 3–6 months, €20 000 investor cover, EU passport.
Eighteen crypto banks and qualified custodians compared on licence, bankruptcy treatment of client coins, entry thresholds, fiat rails and published fees.
Deposit guarantee schemes, EMI safeguarding and investor compensation compared: schemes and limits, eligible depositors, payout periods, MiCA crypto custody and a US$2m example.
MiCA CASP, VARA, ADGM, DIFC, SFC VATP, MAS DTSP, US BitLicense, FCA 2027, FINMA, AIFC, Japan and Korea compared on capital, custody, retail and travel rule.
EQIBank, The Kingdom Bank and Nodabank: one statute, the Offshore Banking Act 1996, a separate virtual asset regime, fees and no deposit insurance.
Fnality, Partior, deposit tokens and wholesale CBDCs compared on the one axis that matters: whose obligation the ledger entry is, and what that does to credit risk and supervision.
Licensing in Japan and South Korea: funds transfer tiers, prepaid issuers, JPYC and JPYSC stablecoins, crypto moving into FIEA, Korea's VAUPA and EFTA, real-name accounts and 2024–2026 enforcement.
Client money at an EMI, payment institution, MSB or crypto platform when the licence goes: withdrawal, wind-down and insolvency, the safeguarding pool and the 65% average shortfall on FCA data.
Three axes decide a US regime: federal or state, deposit status, and Fed settlement access. Charters, ILCs, SPDIs, MTLs and the GENIUS Act from 18 Jan 2027.
Since 30 June 2025 a Singapore entity serving only offshore crypto clients needs a DTSP licence MAS says it will generally not grant. Routes, costs, penalties.
26 BitLicenses and 13 trust charters as of August 2026, an eight-coin Greenlist, 226.5m in penalties and the OCC charter migration reshaping New York after the GENIUS Act.
Fintech regulation and operating infrastructure: licence selection, banking and safeguarding, acquiring, sanctions controls, stablecoins, crypto custody and regional regulatory regimes.
Why banks refuse licensed operators, the account stack, the bank's document pack, CASS 15 from 7 May 2026 and 90-day UK closure notice.
Annex IV capital of €50k–150k or 25% of overheads under Article 67, a 25+40 working-day clock that runs 9–18 months in practice, and 352 date-filtered ESMA register records at 26 September 2026.
CASS 15 safeguarding for UK EMIs, the FCA crypto regime from 25 October 2027, and proposed reforms for payments and sterling stablecoins.
Fiduciary powers, preemption of some 50 state MTLs and life without FDIC: how Ripple, Circle and Morgan Stanley take a national trust charter — and what it buys.
Swiss financial and crypto licensing under the Banking Act and DLT Act: Fintech licence, bank and securities-firm status, DLT trading facilities, crypto custody, stablecoins, capital and substance.
Deposit tokens, payment stablecoins, MiCA e-money tokens and tokenised money market funds: legal nature, holder protection and balance-sheet risks — in one table.