Client money at an EMI, payment institution, MSB or crypto platform when the licence goes: withdrawal, wind-down and insolvency, the safeguarding pool and the 65% average shortfall on FCA data.
Licensing in Japan and South Korea: funds transfer tiers, prepaid issuers, JPYC and JPYSC stablecoins, crypto moving into FIEA, Korea's VAUPA and EFTA, real-name accounts and 2024–2026 enforcement.
PA and PA-CB licensing in India, the four Brazilian payment institution types, UPI and Pix access, zero MDR economics, RBI data localisation and the new PSAV regime for virtual assets.
How the Visa and Mastercard rulebooks create obligations: dispute deadlines, 2026 VAMP, ECM and BRAM thresholds, interchange caps in the EU, US and UK, scheme fees and 3-D Secure liability shift.
Titles III and IV of MiCA from the issuer's side: the ART/EMT test, Article 21 authorisation vs the Article 48 EMI route, own funds and 30% deposit floor, redemption at par, significant-token caps.
How MAS sorts payment firms into three licence classes, what the 3/6/5 million SGD thresholds really measure, and what safeguarding, capital and security actually cost.
The EU's 21st package of 23 July 2026, OFAC's sham-transactions guidance and a USD 275m penalty: how sanctions screening works and why payments stall.
Four AML programme skeletons instead of the "five pillars", BWRA as the load-bearing element, NYDFS Part 504 certification, MLRO pay of £140–300k and the 2024–2026 fines.
Fintech regulation and operating infrastructure: licence selection, banking and safeguarding, acquiring, sanctions controls, stablecoins, crypto custody and regional regulatory regimes.
Three axes decide a US regime: federal or state, deposit status, and Fed settlement access. Charters, ILCs, SPDIs, MTLs and the GENIUS Act from 18 Jan 2027.
No federal money transmission license exists in the US: MTMA implementation, state exemptions, bond and capital rules, crypto regimes and 18 U.S.C. 1960.
Annex IV capital of €50k–150k or 25% of overheads under Article 67, a 25+40 working-day clock that runs 9–18 months in practice, and 325 CASPs on the ESMA register.
Two Travel Rules, not one: a zero threshold in the EU since Dec 2024, £800 in the UK since June 2026, USD 3,000 in the US since 1996, zero in Korea from Feb 2027.
Cap. 656 since 1 Aug 2025: HKD 25m capital, one-business-day redemption, 36 applications and two licences by 10 Apr 2026 — who must license and who may sell.
Since 30 June 2025 a Singapore entity serving only offshore crypto clients needs a DTSP licence MAS says it will generally not grant. Routes, costs, penalties.
26 BitLicenses and 13 trust charters as of August 2026, an eight-coin Greenlist, 226.5m in penalties and the OCC charter migration reshaping New York after the GENIUS Act.
Five pillars, ICT contract registers, cloud oversight and TLPT: what DORA actually requires of banks, EMIs and CASPs — and what it costs.
Kazakhstan crypto regulation compared: AFSA DATF licensing in the AIFC, National Bank licensing and registration, and Alatau City rules from 2027.
Compare UAE financial and crypto licensing under CBUAE, VARA, DFSA, FSRA and SCA: activities, capital, local substance, stablecoin rules, distribution limits and regulator selection.
Deposit tokens, payment stablecoins, MiCA e-money tokens and tokenised money market funds: legal nature, holder protection and balance-sheet risks — in one table.
CASS 15 safeguarding for UK EMIs, the FCA crypto regime from 25 October 2027, and proposed reforms for payments and sterling stablecoins.
FinCEN MSB registration is not a licence: a US payments business needs MTLs in up to 49 states. The MTMA map, exemptions, timelines, budgets and federal alternatives.
Hong Kong issued 2 licences out of 36 bids, Japan launched JPYC, Singapore awaits its law, Korea is split, China bans: Asia's stablecoin regimes compared.
Swiss financial and crypto licensing under the Banking Act and DLT Act: Fintech licence, bank and securities-firm status, DLT trading facilities, crypto custody, stablecoins, capital and substance.
Fiduciary powers, preemption of some 50 state MTLs and life without FDIC: how Ripple, Circle and Morgan Stanley take a national trust charter — and what it buys.
Alatau City Bank, formerly Jusan Bank: Kazakhstan banking licence, Binance Pay pilot, products, deposit protection and limitations for non-residents.
Hash Bank is a licensed digital bank in Georgia. Multi-currency accounts, cards, transfers, deposits, lending, crypto via a VASP partner, deposit insurance, pricing and non-resident onboarding.
HashKey Group: SFC-licensed exchange, custody, OTC, asset management and tokenisation across Hong Kong, Singapore and beyond. IPO disclosures, fees, onboarding and entity-specific protections.
Meanwhile is a Bermuda life insurer offering whole-life policies denominated in bitcoin. BMA licence, premiums and cash value, policy loans, custody, onboarding, tax considerations and product risks.
CARF in practice: who is an RCASP, which exchange and transfer aggregates are reported, why wallet balances are not, the 2027/2028 waves, DAC8 and 1099-DA.