The word "resident" covers three different tests — qualification, nationality and residence. How each changes the tuition rate, the admission pool, access to grants and the speed of a child's citizenship, with Article 11 of Directive 2003/109/EC and a country-by-country comparison of the child's clock against the parent's.
A map of the migration domain: three independent variables, the eight-step route model, seven entry types on shared axes, and a detailed guide to each branch.
Where a child is a citizen by birth: unconditional jus soli in the Americas and conditional rules in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, France and Portugal, plus the US tax tail.
The EU wants Caribbean CBI programmes wound down by 1 June 2028 or Schengen goes; the US already restricts Antigua and Dominica. What issued passports face.
CBI overview: five Caribbean programs and the ECCIRA regulator, threshold from US$200,000, and why the EU Court (C-181/23) closed Malta's citizenship-by-investment scheme.
Compare pathways to an EU passport: naturalization by residence period, investment visas, and descent. Germany's 2025 and Portugal's 2026 reforms.
How citizenship renunciation works, why becoming stateless is prohibited, what a covered expatriate is, and the US exit tax when renouncing a US passport.
How much Egypt and Jordan citizenship by investment costs, what routes are available after the 2025 reform, and why these passports matter for the U.S. E-2 investor visa.
Turkey's citizenship by investment program: real estate from $400,000 or assets from $500,000, processing timelines, and Turkish citizens' access to the U.S. E-2 investor visa.
On 29 April 2025, the EU Court ruled Malta's investment citizenship scheme unlawful. What remains: merit-based naturalization under Article 10(9) and the 2025 reform.
Vanuatu's program offers one of the world's fastest passports via donation from USD 130,000, but in December 2024 the EU fully revoked visa-free entry to Schengen.
How Henley, Arton and Nomad passport rankings work, what visa-free score shows, and why mobility is only part of a second passport's value.
Saint Lucia citizenship: NEF contribution from USD 240,000, real estate from USD 300,000, or a refundable bond. Residency and genuine-link rules apply from 2026.
Grenada citizenship: NTF contribution from USD 235,000 or real estate from USD 270,000, with unique access to the US E-2 investor visa.
Antigua and Barbuda citizenship: NDF contribution from USD 230,000, UWI option for large families, and 5-day presence requirement over 5 years.
St. Kitts and Nevis citizenship: SISC contribution from USD 250,000 or real estate from USD 325,000, due diligence and ECCIRA regulator.
Dominica citizenship: EDF contribution from USD 200,000 or real estate from USD 200,000, mandatory interview, and ECCIRA regulator. Affordable Caribbean CBI route.
Why build a citizenship portfolio: mobility via the Henley Passport Index, record capital migration, and why a second passport is insurance, not a tax trick.