wiki / answers / Germany

Germany: sourced answers

23 answers to specific questions — each with a verbatim quote from an official source and a link to it.

Every answer is checked against a verbatim quote from a stored copy of its source and has passed an independent review. This is reference information, not legal advice: rules change, and the outcome depends on your circumstances.

Divorce in a country

Does the country participate in Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 on matrimonial property regimes

Participant

«The Regulation was adopted under the procedure of enhanced cooperation by 18 EU countries: Sweden, Belgium, Greece, Croatia, Slovenia, Spain, France, Portugal, Italy, Malta, Luxembourg, Germany, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Austria, Bulgaria, Finland and Cyprus.»

Source: e-justice.europa.eu · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Which matrimonial property regime applies by default (absent a choice by the spouses)

Zugewinngemeinschaft

«3.2.2 Equalisation of accrued gains: Under German law, spouses live under the property regime of community of accrued gains unless they agree otherwise by marriage contract (Section 1363(1) of the Civil Code). The spouses’ respective assets do not become their common assets. Pursuant to Section 1363(2), second sentence, of the Civil Code, however, the accrued gains that the spouses acquire in the marriage are equalised if the community of accrued gains ends. In the case of divorce, the accrued gains are equalised pursuant to Sections 1373-1390 of the Civil Code. ‘Accrued gains’ means the amount by which the final assets of a spouse exceed the initial assets (Section 1373 of the Civil Code). ‘Initial assets’ means the assets that belong to a spouse at the beginning of the property regime after deduction of the liabilities (Section 1374(1) of the Civil Code). …»

Source: e-justice.europa.eu · source copy as of 2026-10-02

«1 Is there a statutory matrimonial property regime in this Member State? What does it provide? Who owns the property acquired during a marriage and how this property is divided after the end of the marriage is always determined by the particular family-law property regime. The effects of marriage on property rights are governed by the regulations on matrimonial property regimes in the German Civil Code ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch – BGB). The BGB recognises the following property regimes: community of accrued gains ( Zugewinngemeinschaft ), separation of property ( Gütertrennung ) and ‘optional community of accrued gains’ ( Wahl-Zugewinngemeinschaft ).»

Source: e-justice.europa.eu · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Which authority dissolves the marriage

Court only

«Pursuant to Section 1564, first sentence, of the Civil Code ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ), a marriage may be dissolved by divorce only by judicial decision on the petition of one or both spouses. A marriage can be dissolved if it has broken down (Section 1565(1), first sentence, of the Civil Code). The marriage is regarded as having broken down if the spouses are no longer cohabiting and it is not to be expected that they will resume matrimonial cohabitation (Section 1565(1), second sentence, of the Civil Code). Here it is a matter of the current state of the marriage and the prognosis for the future. Where the spouses have not yet lived apart for one year, the marriage may be dissolved by divorce only if the continuation of the marriage would entail unreasonable hardship for the petitioner for reasons that lie in the person of the other spouse (Section 1565(2) of the Civil Code). The legislator has established the following irrebuttable assumptions for the breakdown of a marriage: The spouses have already lived apart for a year and both spouses petition for divorce or the respondent consents to the divorce (Section 1566(1) of the Civil Code). …»

Source: e-justice.europa.eu · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Marital agreements in a country

In what form must a marital agreement (agreement on the matrimonial property regime) be made

Notarial deed with both parties present simultaneously; before or during the marriage

«§ 1408 Ehevertrag, Vertragsfreiheit (1) Die Ehegatten können ihre güterrechtlichen Verhältnisse durch Vertrag (Ehevertrag) regeln, insbesondere auch nach der Eingehung der Ehe den Güterstand aufheben oder ändern. (2) Schließen die Ehegatten in einem Ehevertrag Vereinbarungen über den Versorgungsausgleich, so sind insoweit die §§ 6 und 8 des Versorgungsausgleichsgesetzes anzuwenden.»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de · source copy as of 2026-10-02

«2 How can spouses arrange their matrimonial property regime? What are the formal requirements in this case? Community of accrued gains applies unless the married couple agree otherwise by means of a notarial marriage contract. Community of accrued gains means separation of property during the marriage and equalisation of gains accrued during the marriage once the property regime has ended. By contrast, separation of property must be agreed by the spouses by means of a notarial contract. The separation of property means complete separation of the spouses’ respective assets, without any equalisation of accrued gains at the end of the marriage. Each spouse keeps as their own the assets they acquired before and during the marriage. Separation of property may also arise without an explicit contract between the spouses, for example if the property regime is rescinded or excluded under the marriage contract without another property regime being agreed at the same time. Community of property must likewise be agreed by the spouses by means of a notarial contract. …»

Source: e-justice.europa.eu · source copy as of 2026-10-02

«§ 1410 Form Der Ehevertrag muss bei gleichzeitiger Anwesenheit beider Teile zur Niederschrift eines Notars geschlossen werden.»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Succession in a country

Does the country have forced heirship — a part of the estate that a will cannot take away from close relatives

Pflichtteil for descendants, spouse and parents: half the statutory share, as a money claim (§ 2303 BGB)

«Ist ein Abkömmling des Erblassers durch Verfügung von Todes wegen von der Erbfolge ausgeschlossen, so kann er von dem Erben den Pflichtteil verlangen. Der Pflichtteil besteht in der Hälfte des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils. (2) Das gleiche Recht steht den Eltern und dem Ehegatten des Erblassers zu»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__2303.html · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Who are the forced heirs

Descendants, spouse, parents

«Ist ein Abkömmling des Erblassers durch Verfügung von Todes wegen von der Erbfolge ausgeschlossen, so kann er von dem Erben den Pflichtteil verlangen. Der Pflichtteil besteht in der Hälfte des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils. (2) Das gleiche Recht steht den Eltern und dem Ehegatten des Erblassers zu»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__2303.html · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Is the forced share a share in the property itself or a money claim against the heirs

as a money claim

«so kann er von dem Erben den Pflichtteil verlangen. Der Pflichtteil besteht in der Hälfte des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils.»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__2303.html · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Does the country apply EU Succession Regulation No 650/2012

yes

«The Regulation applies in all Member States of the European Union with the exception of Denmark and Ireland.»

Source: EU Succession Regulation — General information · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Which connecting factor of the deceased determines the law governing the succession by default (other than property governed by the law of its location)

By default the applicable law is determined by habitual residence

«Unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation, the law applicable to the succession as a whole shall be the law of the State in which the deceased had his habitual residence at the time of death.»

Source: Regulation(EU)650/2012 adopted text · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Is a handwritten (holographic) will valid without a notary or witnesses

yes (§ 2247 BGB)

«Der Erblasser kann ein Testament durch eine eigenhändig geschriebene und unterschriebene Erklärung errichten.»

Source: § 2247 BGB - Einzelnorm · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Is the country a party to the 1961 Hague Convention on the form of testamentary dispositions

party

«Germany 5-X-1961 2-XI-1965 R 1-I-1966»

Source: HCCH Convention status table and declarations · source copy as of 2026-10-02

Taxes in a country

How much does the certificate of tax residence cost (official fee)

free in North Rhine-Westphalia

«in Nordrhein-Westfalen kostenlos . Hinweis: Die Formulare der deutschen Finanzverwaltung sind im Formular-Management-System der Bundesfinanzverwaltung in folgenden Sprachen vorhanden: Deutsch / Englisch Deutsch / Französis»

Source: finanzamt.nrw.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

issuance is free of charge

In North Rhine-Westphalia

«in Nordrhein-Westfalen kostenlos . Hinweis: Die Formulare der deutschen Finanzverwaltung sind im Formular-Management-System der Bundesfinanzverwaltung in folgenden Sprachen vorhanden: Deutsch / Englisch Deutsch / Französis»

Source: finanzamt.nrw.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

Below what effective tax rate is a foreign company low-taxed for CFC rules (a relative test is given in words)

Applies when: passive income (dividends, interest, capital gains)

Passive income taxed below 15%

«weniger als 15 Prozent unterliegen, ohne dass dies auf einem Ausgleich mit Einkünften aus anderen Quellen beruht. In die Belastungsberechnung sind Ansprüche einzubeziehen, die der Staat oder das Gebiet der ausländischen Gesellschaft im Fall einer Gewinnausschüttun»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

Applies when: passive income (dividends, interest, capital gains)

passive income taxed below 15%

«weniger als 15 Prozent unterliegen, ohne dass dies auf einem Ausgleich mit Einkünften aus anderen Quellen beruht. In die Belastungsberechnung sind Ansprüche einzubeziehen, die der Staat oder das Gebiet der ausländischen Gesellschaft im Fall einer Gewinnausschüttun»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

From what year does the country exchange account data under CRS

2017

«JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES IN 2017 (49) Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus2, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Seychelles, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING F»

Source: oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/networks/global-forum-tax-transparency/aeoi-commitments.pdf · source copy as of 2026-10-03

CRS since: DE/FR/IT/BE/ES/UK 2017

«JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES IN 2017 (49) Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus2, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Seychelles, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2018 (51) Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan3, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Curaçao, Dominica, Greenland, Grenada, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Macau (China), Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Monaco, Nauru4, New Zealand, Niue4, Pakista»

Source: oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/networks/global-forum-tax-transparency/aeoi-commitments.pdf · source copy as of 2026-10-03

From what year does the country exchange crypto-asset data under CARF

2027

«Jurisdictions undertaking first exchanges by 2027 (46) Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom. Jurisdictions undertaking first exchanges by 2028 (27) Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Costa Rica, Cyprus*, Gibraltar, Hong Kong (China), Israel, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines,»

Source: oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/networks/global-forum-tax-transparency/commitments-carf.pdf · source copy as of 2026-10-03

2027

«Jurisdictions undertaking first exchanges by 2027 (46) Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom. Jurisdictions undertaking first exchanges by 2028 (27) Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Costa Rica, Cyprus*, Gibraltar, Hong Kong (China), Israel, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines,»

Source: oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/networks/global-forum-tax-transparency/commitments-carf.pdf · source copy as of 2026-10-03

What is the domestic withholding tax rate on royalties paid to a non-resident (without a treaty)

15.825%

«15 % bei Vergütungen im Sinne des § 50a Abs. 1 Nr. 1 bis 3 EStG Solidaritätszuschlag Nach § 3 Abs. 1 Nr.6 des Solidaritätszuschlagsgesetzes 1995 (SolzG) ist bei beschränkt Steuerpflichtigen zu Steuerabzugsbeträgen nach § 50a EStG ein Solidaritätszuschlag nach zu erheben. Der So»

Source: bzst.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

«5,5 % des Steuerabzugsbetrags (§ 4 Satz 1 SolzG). Ergänzender Hinweis: Wird der Steuerabzug aufgrund von Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen ermäßigt (sogenannte Reststeuer), ist diese Ermäßigung zuerst auf den Solidar»

Source: bzst.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

15.825%

«15 % bei Vergütungen im Sinne des § 50a Abs. 1 Nr. 1 bis 3 EStG Solidaritätszuschlag Nach § 3 Abs. 1 Nr.6 des Solidaritätszuschlagsgesetzes 1995 (SolzG) ist bei beschränkt Steuerpflichtigen zu Steuerabzugsbeträgen nach § 50a EStG ein Solidaritätszuschlag nach zu erheben. Der So»

Source: bzst.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

«5,5 % des Steuerabzugsbetrags (§ 4 Satz 1 SolzG). Ergänzender Hinweis: Wird der Steuerabzug aufgrund von Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen ermäßigt (sogenannte Reststeuer), ist diese Ermäßigung zuerst auf den Solidar»

Source: bzst.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

Germany at 15.825%

«15 % bei Vergütungen im Sinne des § 50a Abs. 1 Nr. 1 bis 3 EStG Solidaritätszuschlag Nach § 3 Abs. 1 Nr.6 des Solidaritätszuschlagsgesetzes 1995 (SolzG) ist bei beschränkt Steuerpflichtigen zu Steuerabzugsbeträgen nach § 50a EStG ein Solidaritätszuschlag nach zu erheben. Der So»

Source: bzst.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

«5,5 % des Steuerabzugsbetrags (§ 4 Satz 1 SolzG). Ergänzender Hinweis: Wird der Steuerabzug aufgrund von Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen ermäßigt (sogenannte Reststeuer), ist diese Ermäßigung zuerst auf den Solidar»

Source: bzst.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

Does a foreign-incorporated company become tax resident if it is managed and controlled from the country

Resident if the place of management (*Geschäftsleitung*) is in Germany — either connecting factor is sufficient on its own

Incorporated abroad

«Geschäftsleitung oder ihren Sitz im Inland haben: 1. Kapitalgesellschaften (insbesondere Europäische Gesellschaften, Aktiengesellschaften, Kommanditgesellschaften auf Aktien, Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung) einschließlich optierender Gesellschaften im Sinne des § 1a; 2. Genossenscha»

Source: gesetze-im-internet.de · source copy as of 2026-10-03

If you have questions or need a consultation, our experts will be glad to help.

private.lawprivate.law editorial team

Request a callback

Your contacts are used to answer this request. No mailing lists.