" }, { "id": "single-family-office", "term_en": "Single family office (SFO)", "term_ru": "Односемейный офис (SFO)", "definition_en": "A single family office is a family office that serves one family exclusively, with staff, systems and governance dedicated to that family's assets and affairs.", "cite_as": "\"Single family office (SFO)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-single-family-office", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-single-family-office", "embed_html": "A family office is a private organisation that manages the investments, administration and long-term affairs of one or several wealthy families, outside traditional retail wealth management.
" }, { "id": "multi-family-office", "term_en": "Multi family office (MFO)", "term_ru": "Мультисемейный офис (MFO)", "definition_en": "A multi family office is a family office that provides shared investment management, reporting and administrative services to multiple unrelated families, pooling infrastructure and costs.", "cite_as": "\"Multi family office (MFO)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-multi-family-office", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-multi-family-office", "embed_html": "A single family office is a family office that serves one family exclusively, with staff, systems and governance dedicated to that family's assets and affairs.
" }, { "id": "virtual-family-office", "term_en": "Virtual family office (VFO)", "term_ru": "Виртуальный семейный офис (VFO)", "definition_en": "A virtual family office is a family office model in which a small core team coordinates outsourced providers — banks, asset managers, lawyers and tax advisers — instead of employing full in-house staff.", "cite_as": "\"Virtual family office (VFO)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-virtual-family-office", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-virtual-family-office", "embed_html": "A multi family office is a family office that provides shared investment management, reporting and administrative services to multiple unrelated families, pooling infrastructure and costs.
" }, { "id": "embedded-family-office", "term_en": "Embedded family office", "term_ru": "Встроенный семейный офис", "definition_en": "An embedded family office is a family office that operates inside a family-owned operating business, using the company's staff, legal and finance functions to manage the family's private wealth.", "cite_as": "\"Embedded family office\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-embedded-family-office", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-embedded-family-office", "embed_html": "A virtual family office is a family office model in which a small core team coordinates outsourced providers — banks, asset managers, lawyers and tax advisers — instead of employing full in-house staff.
" }, { "id": "jurisdiction-stack", "term_en": "Jurisdiction stack", "term_ru": "Стек юрисдикций", "definition_en": "A jurisdiction stack is a deliberate combination of jurisdictions assigned to different layers of one person's or family's life — residence, citizenship, assets, structures and income — designed as a single coordinated system.", "cite_as": "\"Jurisdiction stack\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/five-flags#term-jurisdiction-stack", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/five-flags#term-jurisdiction-stack", "embed_html": "An embedded family office is a family office that operates inside a family-owned operating business, using the company's staff, legal and finance functions to manage the family's private wealth.
" }, { "id": "five-flags-theory", "term_en": "Five flags theory", "term_ru": "Теория пяти флагов", "definition_en": "Five flags theory is a diversification strategy, attributed to Harry Schultz, proposing that a person spread citizenship, residence, business base, assets and lifestyle across five different jurisdictions to reduce dependence on any single state.", "cite_as": "\"Five flags theory\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/five-flags#term-five-flags-theory", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/five-flags#term-five-flags-theory", "embed_html": "A jurisdiction stack is a deliberate combination of jurisdictions assigned to different layers of one person's or family's life — residence, citizenship, assets, structures and income — designed as a single coordinated system.
" }, { "id": "tax-residency", "term_en": "Tax residency", "term_ru": "Налоговое резидентство", "definition_en": "Tax residency is the legal status that determines in which state a person or entity is liable to tax on worldwide income, usually decided by physical presence, home, economic ties or statutory tests.", "cite_as": "\"Tax residency\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-tax-residency", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-tax-residency", "embed_html": "Five flags theory is a diversification strategy, attributed to Harry Schultz, proposing that a person spread citizenship, residence, business base, assets and lifestyle across five different jurisdictions to reduce dependence on any single state.
" }, { "id": "183-day-rule", "term_en": "183-day rule", "term_ru": "Правило 183 дней", "definition_en": "The 183-day rule is a common test under which an individual becomes tax resident in a state after spending 183 days or more there in a tax year, though many countries apply different or additional criteria.", "cite_as": "\"183-day rule\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-183-day-rule", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-183-day-rule", "embed_html": "Tax residency is the legal status that determines in which state a person or entity is liable to tax on worldwide income, usually decided by physical presence, home, economic ties or statutory tests.
" }, { "id": "centre-of-vital-interests", "term_en": "Centre of vital interests", "term_ru": "Центр жизненных интересов", "definition_en": "Centre of vital interests is a tax-treaty tie-breaker that assigns an individual resident in both contracting states to the state with which their personal and economic relations are closer.", "cite_as": "\"Centre of vital interests\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-centre-of-vital-interests", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-centre-of-vital-interests", "embed_html": "The 183-day rule is a common test under which an individual becomes tax resident in a state after spending 183 days or more there in a tax year, though many countries apply different or additional criteria.
" }, { "id": "nowhere-resident-myth", "term_en": "\"Nowhere resident\" myth", "term_ru": "Миф о «резиденте нигде»", "definition_en": "The \"nowhere resident\" myth is the mistaken belief that a person can structure their life so as to be tax resident nowhere; in practice states apply their own tests, so mobility usually shifts residency rather than abolishing it.", "cite_as": "\"\"Nowhere resident\" myth\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-nowhere-resident-myth", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-nowhere-resident-myth", "embed_html": "Centre of vital interests is a tax-treaty tie-breaker that assigns an individual resident in both contracting states to the state with which their personal and economic relations are closer.
" }, { "id": "double-tax-treaty", "term_en": "Double tax treaty (DTT)", "term_ru": "Соглашение об избежании двойного налогообложения (СИДН)", "definition_en": "A double tax treaty is a bilateral treaty allocating taxing rights between two states over the same income, using residence tie-breakers, reduced withholding rates and credits or exemptions to prevent double taxation.", "cite_as": "\"Double tax treaty (DTT)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-double-tax-treaty", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-residency-basics#term-double-tax-treaty", "embed_html": "The \"nowhere resident\" myth is the mistaken belief that a person can structure their life so as to be tax resident nowhere; in practice states apply their own tests, so mobility usually shifts residency rather than abolishing it.
" }, { "id": "trust", "term_en": "Trust", "term_ru": "Траст", "definition_en": "A trust is a legal arrangement in which a settlor transfers assets to a trustee, who holds and manages them for the benefit of beneficiaries under a trust deed, separating legal ownership from beneficial enjoyment.", "cite_as": "\"Trust\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-trust", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-trust", "embed_html": "A double tax treaty is a bilateral treaty allocating taxing rights between two states over the same income, using residence tie-breakers, reduced withholding rates and credits or exemptions to prevent double taxation.
" }, { "id": "settlor", "term_en": "Settlor", "term_ru": "Учредитель траста (сеттлор)", "definition_en": "A settlor is the person who creates a trust by transferring assets into it and defining its terms.", "cite_as": "\"Settlor\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-settlor", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-settlor", "embed_html": "A trust is a legal arrangement in which a settlor transfers assets to a trustee, who holds and manages them for the benefit of beneficiaries under a trust deed, separating legal ownership from beneficial enjoyment.
" }, { "id": "trustee", "term_en": "Trustee", "term_ru": "Доверительный собственник (трасти)", "definition_en": "A trustee is the person or licensed institution that holds legal title to trust assets and administers them in the interests of the beneficiaries, owing fiduciary duties.", "cite_as": "\"Trustee\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-trustee", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-trustee", "embed_html": "A settlor is the person who creates a trust by transferring assets into it and defining its terms.
" }, { "id": "beneficiary", "term_en": "Beneficiary", "term_ru": "Бенефициар траста", "definition_en": "A beneficiary is the person or class of persons entitled to benefit from the income or capital of a trust.", "cite_as": "\"Beneficiary\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-beneficiary", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-beneficiary", "embed_html": "A trustee is the person or licensed institution that holds legal title to trust assets and administers them in the interests of the beneficiaries, owing fiduciary duties.
" }, { "id": "protector", "term_en": "Protector", "term_ru": "Протектор траста", "definition_en": "A protector is an optional office-holder in a trust who oversees the trustee and typically holds reserved powers such as consent to distributions or trustee replacement.", "cite_as": "\"Protector\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-protector", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/trust-basics#term-protector", "embed_html": "A beneficiary is the person or class of persons entitled to benefit from the income or capital of a trust.
" }, { "id": "foundation", "term_en": "Foundation", "term_ru": "Фонд (foundation)", "definition_en": "A foundation is a civil-law legal entity without owners, created by a founder's endowment and managed by a council for purposes set out in its charter, often used for wealth holding and succession.", "cite_as": "\"Foundation\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-foundations#term-foundation", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-foundations#term-foundation", "embed_html": "A protector is an optional office-holder in a trust who oversees the trustee and typically holds reserved powers such as consent to distributions or trustee replacement.
" }, { "id": "liechtenstein-stiftung", "term_en": "Liechtenstein Stiftung", "term_ru": "Лихтенштейнский Stiftung", "definition_en": "A Liechtenstein Stiftung is a private-benefit foundation under Liechtenstein's Persons and Companies Act (PGR, in force 1926), a separate legal entity without shareholders used for asset holding and succession.", "cite_as": "\"Liechtenstein Stiftung\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-foundations#term-liechtenstein-stiftung", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-foundations#term-liechtenstein-stiftung", "embed_html": "A foundation is a civil-law legal entity without owners, created by a founder's endowment and managed by a council for purposes set out in its charter, often used for wealth holding and succession.
" }, { "id": "panama-private-interest-foundation", "term_en": "Panama Private Interest Foundation", "term_ru": "Панамский фонд частных интересов", "definition_en": "A Panama Private Interest Foundation is an ownerless legal entity under Panamanian Law 25 of 1995, managed by a foundation council for private beneficiaries and commonly used in estate planning.", "cite_as": "\"Panama Private Interest Foundation\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-foundations#term-panama-private-interest-foundation", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-foundations#term-panama-private-interest-foundation", "embed_html": "A Liechtenstein Stiftung is a private-benefit foundation under Liechtenstein's Persons and Companies Act (PGR, in force 1926), a separate legal entity without shareholders used for asset holding and succession.
" }, { "id": "vcc-singapore", "term_en": "Variable Capital Company (VCC)", "term_ru": "VCC (Variable Capital Company)", "definition_en": "A Variable Capital Company is a Singapore corporate fund structure launched in 2020 that allows an umbrella fund with legally segregated sub-funds and flexible share capital.", "cite_as": "\"Variable Capital Company (VCC)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-vcc-singapore", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-vcc-singapore", "embed_html": "A Panama Private Interest Foundation is an ownerless legal entity under Panamanian Law 25 of 1995, managed by a foundation council for private beneficiaries and commonly used in estate planning.
" }, { "id": "section-13o", "term_en": "Section 13O", "term_ru": "Схема Section 13O", "definition_en": "Section 13O is a Singapore tax exemption scheme for onshore funds managed by Singapore-based fund managers, exempting specified investment income subject to minimum assets, local spending and staffing conditions.", "cite_as": "\"Section 13O\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-section-13o", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-section-13o", "embed_html": "A Variable Capital Company is a Singapore corporate fund structure launched in 2020 that allows an umbrella fund with legally segregated sub-funds and flexible share capital.
" }, { "id": "section-13u", "term_en": "Section 13U", "term_ru": "Схема Section 13U", "definition_en": "Section 13U is Singapore's enhanced-tier fund tax exemption, available to larger onshore or offshore funds managed in Singapore, with higher minimum-asset, spending and professional-staffing requirements than Section 13O.", "cite_as": "\"Section 13U\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-section-13u", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-section-13u", "embed_html": "Section 13O is a Singapore tax exemption scheme for onshore funds managed by Singapore-based fund managers, exempting specified investment income subject to minimum assets, local spending and staffing conditions.
" }, { "id": "fihv-hong-kong", "term_en": "FIHV regime (Hong Kong)", "term_ru": "Режим FIHV (Гонконг)", "definition_en": "The FIHV regime is Hong Kong's profits-tax concession for family-owned investment holding vehicles managed by eligible single family offices in Hong Kong, taxing qualifying investment profits at 0% subject to asset and activity thresholds.", "cite_as": "\"FIHV regime (Hong Kong)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-fihv-hong-kong", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/family-office#term-fihv-hong-kong", "embed_html": "Section 13U is Singapore's enhanced-tier fund tax exemption, available to larger onshore or offshore funds managed in Singapore, with higher minimum-asset, spending and professional-staffing requirements than Section 13O.
" }, { "id": "cayman-elp", "term_en": "Cayman Exempted Limited Partnership (ELP)", "term_ru": "Cayman ELP", "definition_en": "A Cayman Exempted Limited Partnership is a Cayman Islands partnership without separate legal personality, managed by a general partner and widely used as a private fund vehicle.", "cite_as": "\"Cayman Exempted Limited Partnership (ELP)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/funds#term-cayman-elp", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/funds#term-cayman-elp", "embed_html": "The FIHV regime is Hong Kong's profits-tax concession for family-owned investment holding vehicles managed by eligible single family offices in Hong Kong, taxing qualifying investment profits at 0% subject to asset and activity thresholds.
" }, { "id": "cayman-spc", "term_en": "Cayman Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)", "term_ru": "Cayman SPC", "definition_en": "A Cayman Segregated Portfolio Company is a single Cayman Islands legal entity that creates statutorily ring-fenced segregated portfolios, each with separate assets and liabilities.", "cite_as": "\"Cayman Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/funds#term-cayman-spc", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/funds#term-cayman-spc", "embed_html": "A Cayman Exempted Limited Partnership is a Cayman Islands partnership without separate legal personality, managed by a general partner and widely used as a private fund vehicle.
" }, { "id": "spv", "term_en": "Special purpose vehicle (SPV)", "term_ru": "SPV (компания специального назначения)", "definition_en": "A special purpose vehicle is a legal entity created to hold specific assets or risks in isolation from its sponsor, typically for securitisation, co-investment or single-deal structuring.", "cite_as": "\"Special purpose vehicle (SPV)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/spv#term-spv", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/spv#term-spv", "embed_html": "A Cayman Segregated Portfolio Company is a single Cayman Islands legal entity that creates statutorily ring-fenced segregated portfolios, each with separate assets and liabilities.
" }, { "id": "holding-structure", "term_en": "Holding structure", "term_ru": "Холдинговая структура", "definition_en": "A holding structure is a corporate topology in which a parent company holds shares in subsidiaries, used to consolidate control, isolate risks and route dividends across jurisdictions.", "cite_as": "\"Holding structure\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/holding-structures#term-holding-structure", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/holding-structures#term-holding-structure", "embed_html": "A special purpose vehicle is a legal entity created to hold specific assets or risks in isolation from its sponsor, typically for securitisation, co-investment or single-deal structuring.
" }, { "id": "crs", "term_en": "Common Reporting Standard (CRS)", "term_ru": "CRS (Общий стандарт отчётности)", "definition_en": "The Common Reporting Standard is an OECD framework under which financial institutions identify account holders' tax residencies and automatically exchange account information with other participating states each year.", "cite_as": "\"Common Reporting Standard (CRS)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-transparency#term-crs", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-transparency#term-crs", "embed_html": "A holding structure is a corporate topology in which a parent company holds shares in subsidiaries, used to consolidate control, isolate risks and route dividends across jurisdictions.
" }, { "id": "fatca", "term_en": "FATCA", "term_ru": "FATCA", "definition_en": "FATCA is the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2010, requiring foreign financial institutions to report accounts of US persons to the IRS, backed by withholding on non-compliant institutions.", "cite_as": "\"FATCA\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-transparency#term-fatca", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-transparency#term-fatca", "embed_html": "The Common Reporting Standard is an OECD framework under which financial institutions identify account holders' tax residencies and automatically exchange account information with other participating states each year.
" }, { "id": "ubo-register", "term_en": "UBO register", "term_ru": "Реестр бенефициарных владельцев", "definition_en": "A UBO register is a register of ultimate beneficial owners — the natural persons who ultimately own or control a legal entity — maintained for transparency and anti-money-laundering purposes.", "cite_as": "\"UBO register\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/tax-transparency#term-ubo-register", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/tax-transparency#term-ubo-register", "embed_html": "FATCA is the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2010, requiring foreign financial institutions to report accounts of US persons to the IRS, backed by withholding on non-compliant institutions.
" }, { "id": "ip-box", "term_en": "IP box", "term_ru": "IP box", "definition_en": "An IP box is a preferential tax regime that applies a reduced rate to qualifying income from intellectual property, increasingly conditioned on local R&D activity under the OECD nexus approach.", "cite_as": "\"IP box\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/ip-box#term-ip-box", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/ip-box#term-ip-box", "embed_html": "A UBO register is a register of ultimate beneficial owners — the natural persons who ultimately own or control a legal entity — maintained for transparency and anti-money-laundering purposes.
" }, { "id": "beckham-regime", "term_en": "Beckham regime (Spain)", "term_ru": "Режим Бекхэма (Испания)", "definition_en": "The Beckham regime is Spain's special inbound-expatriate tax regime allowing qualifying new residents to be taxed mainly on Spanish-source income at flat rates for a limited period instead of worldwide progressive taxation.", "cite_as": "\"Beckham regime (Spain)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/spain-hub#term-beckham-regime", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/spain-hub#term-beckham-regime", "embed_html": "An IP box is a preferential tax regime that applies a reduced rate to qualifying income from intellectual property, increasingly conditioned on local R&D activity under the OECD nexus approach.
" }, { "id": "uk-non-dom-fig", "term_en": "UK non-dom / FIG regime", "term_ru": "UK non-dom / режим FIG", "definition_en": "The UK regime for internationally mobile residents: the non-domiciled remittance basis was abolished from 6 April 2025 and replaced by a 4-year exemption for foreign income and gains (FIG) for qualifying new arrivals.", "cite_as": "\"UK non-dom / FIG regime\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/uk-tax-residence-worldwide-taxation#term-uk-non-dom-fig", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/uk-tax-residence-worldwide-taxation#term-uk-non-dom-fig", "embed_html": "The Beckham regime is Spain's special inbound-expatriate tax regime allowing qualifying new residents to be taxed mainly on Spanish-source income at flat rates for a limited period instead of worldwide progressive taxation.
" }, { "id": "italy-flat-tax", "term_en": "Italy flat tax for new residents", "term_ru": "Флэт-такс Италии", "definition_en": "Italy's flat tax is a substitute-tax regime for new residents taxing all foreign-source income at a fixed annual amount (€200,000 for applicants from August 2024) instead of ordinary progressive rates.", "cite_as": "\"Italy flat tax for new residents\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/special-tax-regimes#term-italy-flat-tax", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/special-tax-regimes#term-italy-flat-tax", "embed_html": "The UK regime for internationally mobile residents: the non-domiciled remittance basis was abolished from 6 April 2025 and replaced by a 4-year exemption for foreign income and gains (FIG) for qualifying new arrivals.
" }, { "id": "golden-visa", "term_en": "Golden visa", "term_ru": "«Золотая виза»", "definition_en": "A golden visa is a residence-by-investment programme granting a residence permit in exchange for a qualifying investment such as real estate, fund units or government contributions.", "cite_as": "\"Golden visa\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/golden-visas#term-golden-visa", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/golden-visas#term-golden-visa", "embed_html": "Italy's flat tax is a substitute-tax regime for new residents taxing all foreign-source income at a fixed annual amount (€200,000 for applicants from August 2024) instead of ordinary progressive rates.
" }, { "id": "citizenship-by-investment", "term_en": "Citizenship by investment (CBI)", "term_ru": "Гражданство за инвестиции (CBI)", "definition_en": "Citizenship by investment is a programme granting citizenship and a passport directly in exchange for a qualifying investment or contribution, without prior long-term residence.", "cite_as": "\"Citizenship by investment (CBI)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/citizenship-by-investment#term-citizenship-by-investment", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/citizenship-by-investment#term-citizenship-by-investment", "embed_html": "A golden visa is a residence-by-investment programme granting a residence permit in exchange for a qualifying investment such as real estate, fund units or government contributions.
" }, { "id": "digital-nomad-visa", "term_en": "Digital nomad visa", "term_ru": "Виза цифрового кочевника", "definition_en": "A digital nomad visa is a residence permit category for remote workers earning income from abroad, usually with income thresholds and limited or no access to the local labour market.", "cite_as": "\"Digital nomad visa\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/digital-nomad-visas#term-digital-nomad-visa", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/digital-nomad-visas#term-digital-nomad-visa", "embed_html": "Citizenship by investment is a programme granting citizenship and a passport directly in exchange for a qualifying investment or contribution, without prior long-term residence.
" }, { "id": "permanent-residence", "term_en": "Permanent residence", "term_ru": "Постоянное резидентство (ПМЖ)", "definition_en": "Permanent residence is an immigration status granting an indefinite right to live in a country without citizenship, usually conditional on physical presence and continued compliance.", "cite_as": "\"Permanent residence\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/golden-visas#term-permanent-residence", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/golden-visas#term-permanent-residence", "embed_html": "A digital nomad visa is a residence permit category for remote workers earning income from abroad, usually with income thresholds and limited or no access to the local labour market.
" }, { "id": "passport-index", "term_en": "Passport index", "term_ru": "Паспортный индекс", "definition_en": "A passport index is a ranking of passports by travel mobility — the number of destinations accessible without a prior visa — used as a proxy for the practical utility of a citizenship.", "cite_as": "\"Passport index\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/five-flags#term-passport-index", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/five-flags#term-passport-index", "embed_html": "Permanent residence is an immigration status granting an indefinite right to live in a country without citizenship, usually conditional on physical presence and continued compliance.
" }, { "id": "lombard-credit", "term_en": "Lombard credit", "term_ru": "Ломбардный кредит", "definition_en": "Lombard credit is a secured credit facility extended by a private bank against pledged liquid assets such as securities, with the loan-to-value ratio set by the collateral's risk profile.", "cite_as": "\"Lombard credit\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-lombard-credit", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-lombard-credit", "embed_html": "A passport index is a ranking of passports by travel mobility — the number of destinations accessible without a prior visa — used as a proxy for the practical utility of a citizenship.
" }, { "id": "ppli", "term_en": "Private placement life insurance (PPLI)", "term_ru": "PPLI (частное страхование жизни)", "definition_en": "Private placement life insurance is a unit-linked life insurance policy used as a tax-efficient wrapper holding a customised investment portfolio, combining investment control with insurance-law treatment.", "cite_as": "\"Private placement life insurance (PPLI)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/ppli#term-ppli", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/ppli#term-ppli", "embed_html": "Lombard credit is a secured credit facility extended by a private bank against pledged liquid assets such as securities, with the loan-to-value ratio set by the collateral's risk profile.
" }, { "id": "universal-life", "term_en": "Universal life insurance", "term_ru": "Универсальное страхование жизни (Universal Life)", "definition_en": "Universal life is a permanent life insurance product with flexible premiums and an internal cash-value account credited with interest or linked to indices, used in protection and estate planning.", "cite_as": "\"Universal life insurance\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/life-insurance-succession#term-universal-life", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/life-insurance-succession#term-universal-life", "embed_html": "Private placement life insurance is a unit-linked life insurance policy used as a tax-efficient wrapper holding a customised investment portfolio, combining investment control with insurance-law treatment.
" }, { "id": "premium-financing", "term_en": "Premium financing", "term_ru": "Премиум-финансирование", "definition_en": "Premium financing is the practice of borrowing to pay large life insurance premiums, pledging the policy as collateral, to acquire high-cover policies with limited upfront capital.", "cite_as": "\"Premium financing\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/ppli#term-premium-financing", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/ppli#term-premium-financing", "embed_html": "Universal life is a permanent life insurance product with flexible premiums and an internal cash-value account credited with interest or linked to indices, used in protection and estate planning.
" }, { "id": "succession-planning", "term_en": "Succession planning", "term_ru": "Наследственное планирование", "definition_en": "Succession planning is the organisation of the transfer of wealth, businesses and control across generations, combining wills, trusts, foundations, insurance and governance to manage taxes and forced-heirship constraints.", "cite_as": "\"Succession planning\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-succession-planning", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-succession-planning", "embed_html": "Premium financing is the practice of borrowing to pay large life insurance premiums, pledging the policy as collateral, to acquire high-cover policies with limited upfront capital.
" }, { "id": "forced-heirship", "term_en": "Forced heirship", "term_ru": "Обязательная доля (forced heirship)", "definition_en": "Forced heirship is a set of civil-law rules reserving a fixed share of a deceased person's estate to close relatives regardless of the will, limiting testamentary freedom.", "cite_as": "\"Forced heirship\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-forced-heirship", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-forced-heirship", "embed_html": "Succession planning is the organisation of the transfer of wealth, businesses and control across generations, combining wills, trusts, foundations, insurance and governance to manage taxes and forced-heirship constraints.
" }, { "id": "will", "term_en": "Will", "term_ru": "Завещание", "definition_en": "A will is a legal declaration by which a person directs the distribution of their estate after death, effective only upon death and revocable during lifetime.", "cite_as": "\"Will\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-will", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-will", "embed_html": "Forced heirship is a set of civil-law rules reserving a fixed share of a deceased person's estate to close relatives regardless of the will, limiting testamentary freedom.
" }, { "id": "prenup", "term_en": "Prenuptial agreement", "term_ru": "Брачный договор (пренуп)", "definition_en": "A prenuptial agreement is a contract concluded before marriage defining the spouses' property regime and the division of assets upon divorce or death.", "cite_as": "\"Prenuptial agreement\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-prenup", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-planning#term-prenup", "embed_html": "A will is a legal declaration by which a person directs the distribution of their estate after death, effective only upon death and revocable during lifetime.
" }, { "id": "private-banking", "term_en": "Private banking", "term_ru": "Частный банкинг", "definition_en": "Private banking is a segment of banking and investment services for high-net-worth clients, combining discretionary and advisory portfolio management with credit, deposits and wealth structuring.", "cite_as": "\"Private banking\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-private-banking", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-private-banking", "embed_html": "A prenuptial agreement is a contract concluded before marriage defining the spouses' property regime and the division of assets upon divorce or death.
" }, { "id": "source-of-funds", "term_en": "Source of funds (SoF)", "term_ru": "Происхождение средств (SoF)", "definition_en": "Source of funds is an AML/KYC concept meaning the documented origin of the specific money involved in a transaction or account relationship.", "cite_as": "\"Source of funds (SoF)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-source-of-funds", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-source-of-funds", "embed_html": "Private banking is a segment of banking and investment services for high-net-worth clients, combining discretionary and advisory portfolio management with credit, deposits and wealth structuring.
" }, { "id": "source-of-wealth", "term_en": "Source of wealth (SoW)", "term_ru": "Происхождение капитала (SoW)", "definition_en": "Source of wealth is an AML/KYC concept meaning the documented origin of a client's overall wealth — how the fortune was accumulated over time.", "cite_as": "\"Source of wealth (SoW)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-source-of-wealth", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-banking#term-source-of-wealth", "embed_html": "Source of funds is an AML/KYC concept meaning the documented origin of the specific money involved in a transaction or account relationship.
" }, { "id": "correspondent-banking", "term_en": "Correspondent banking", "term_ru": "Корреспондентский банкинг", "definition_en": "Correspondent banking is the provision of accounts and payment services by one bank to another, enabling cross-border payments through nostro and vostro account networks.", "cite_as": "\"Correspondent banking\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/correspondent-banking-safeguarding#term-correspondent-banking", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/correspondent-banking-safeguarding#term-correspondent-banking", "embed_html": "Source of wealth is an AML/KYC concept meaning the documented origin of a client's overall wealth — how the fortune was accumulated over time.
" }, { "id": "safeguarding", "term_en": "Safeguarding", "term_ru": "Сегрегация средств клиентов (safeguarding)", "definition_en": "Safeguarding is the regulatory duty of payment and e-money institutions to isolate client funds from their own — via segregated accounts or insurance — so that funds are protected on insolvency.", "cite_as": "\"Safeguarding\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/correspondent-banking-safeguarding#term-safeguarding", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/correspondent-banking-safeguarding#term-safeguarding", "embed_html": "Correspondent banking is the provision of accounts and payment services by one bank to another, enabling cross-border payments through nostro and vostro account networks.
" }, { "id": "neobank", "term_en": "Neobank", "term_ru": "Необанк", "definition_en": "A neobank is a digital-first financial institution operating without branch networks, holding its own banking, e-money or payment licence or partnering with a licensed institution.", "cite_as": "\"Neobank\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/neobanks#term-neobank", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/neobanks#term-neobank", "embed_html": "Safeguarding is the regulatory duty of payment and e-money institutions to isolate client funds from their own — via segregated accounts or insurance — so that funds are protected on insolvency.
" }, { "id": "cips", "term_en": "CIPS", "term_ru": "CIPS (юаневая платёжная система)", "definition_en": "CIPS is China's Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, launched in 2015, providing clearing and settlement infrastructure for international renminbi payments.", "cite_as": "\"CIPS\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/china-payments#term-cips", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/china-payments#term-cips", "embed_html": "A neobank is a digital-first financial institution operating without branch networks, holding its own banking, e-money or payment licence or partnering with a licensed institution.
" }, { "id": "puerto-rico-ife", "term_en": "Puerto Rico International Financial Entity (IFE)", "term_ru": "IFE Пуэрто-Рико", "definition_en": "A Puerto Rico International Financial Entity is a financial institution licensed under Act 273 of 2012 and supervised by OCIF, providing banking services primarily to non-residents at a preferential local tax rate.", "cite_as": "\"Puerto Rico International Financial Entity (IFE)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/puerto-rico-banks#term-puerto-rico-ife", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/puerto-rico-banks#term-puerto-rico-ife", "embed_html": "CIPS is China's Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, launched in 2015, providing clearing and settlement infrastructure for international renminbi payments.
" }, { "id": "aifc-kazakhstan", "term_en": "Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)", "term_ru": "МФЦА (AIFC)", "definition_en": "The Astana International Financial Centre is a financial free zone in Astana operating under English common law with its own court and regulator (AFSA), offering a common-law platform inside Kazakhstan.", "cite_as": "\"Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/kazakhstan-hub#term-aifc-kazakhstan", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/kazakhstan-hub#term-aifc-kazakhstan", "embed_html": "A Puerto Rico International Financial Entity is a financial institution licensed under Act 273 of 2012 and supervised by OCIF, providing banking services primarily to non-residents at a preferential local tax rate.
" }, { "id": "offshore-company", "term_en": "Offshore company", "term_ru": "Оффшорная компания", "definition_en": "An offshore company is a company incorporated in a jurisdiction where its owners are not resident and where it conducts no substantial local business, used for holding, trading or structuring purposes.", "cite_as": "\"Offshore company\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/offshore-companies#term-offshore-company", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/offshore-companies#term-offshore-company", "embed_html": "The Astana International Financial Centre is a financial free zone in Astana operating under English common law with its own court and regulator (AFSA), offering a common-law platform inside Kazakhstan.
" }, { "id": "mso-hong-kong", "term_en": "Money Service Operator licence (Hong Kong)", "term_ru": "Лицензия MSO (Гонконг)", "definition_en": "A Money Service Operator licence is a Hong Kong authorisation under the AMLO (Cap. 615), issued by the Commissioner of Customs and Excise, permitting money changing and remittance services.", "cite_as": "\"Money Service Operator licence (Hong Kong)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-mso-hong-kong", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-mso-hong-kong", "embed_html": "An offshore company is a company incorporated in a jurisdiction where its owners are not resident and where it conducts no substantial local business, used for holding, trading or structuring purposes.
" }, { "id": "svf-hong-kong", "term_en": "Stored Value Facility licence (Hong Kong)", "term_ru": "Лицензия SVF (Гонконг)", "definition_en": "A Stored Value Facility licence is a Hong Kong authorisation under the PSVF Ordinance (Cap. 584), issued by the HKMA, permitting issuance of stored-value products such as e-wallets and prepaid cards.", "cite_as": "\"Stored Value Facility licence (Hong Kong)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-svf-hong-kong", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-svf-hong-kong", "embed_html": "A Money Service Operator licence is a Hong Kong authorisation under the AMLO (Cap. 615), issued by the Commissioner of Customs and Excise, permitting money changing and remittance services.
" }, { "id": "mpi-singapore", "term_en": "Major Payment Institution licence (Singapore)", "term_ru": "Лицензия MPI (Сингапур)", "definition_en": "A Major Payment Institution licence is a Singapore authorisation under the Payment Services Act 2019, issued by MAS, permitting payment services above Standard Payment Institution volume thresholds.", "cite_as": "\"Major Payment Institution licence (Singapore)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-mpi-singapore", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-mpi-singapore", "embed_html": "A Stored Value Facility licence is a Hong Kong authorisation under the PSVF Ordinance (Cap. 584), issued by the HKMA, permitting issuance of stored-value products such as e-wallets and prepaid cards.
" }, { "id": "dpt-singapore", "term_en": "Digital Payment Token service licence (Singapore)", "term_ru": "Лицензия DPT (Сингапур)", "definition_en": "A Digital Payment Token service licence is a Singapore authorisation under the Payment Services Act permitting dealing in and exchange of cryptocurrencies and other digital payment tokens.", "cite_as": "\"Digital Payment Token service licence (Singapore)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-dpt-singapore", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-dpt-singapore", "embed_html": "A Major Payment Institution licence is a Singapore authorisation under the Payment Services Act 2019, issued by MAS, permitting payment services above Standard Payment Institution volume thresholds.
" }, { "id": "emi-eu-uk", "term_en": "Electronic Money Institution licence (EU/UK)", "term_ru": "Лицензия EMI (ЕС/UK)", "definition_en": "An Electronic Money Institution licence is an authorisation under the EU E-Money Directive or UK EMR 2011 permitting issuance of electronic money and provision of payment services.", "cite_as": "\"Electronic Money Institution licence (EU/UK)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-emi-eu-uk", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-emi-eu-uk", "embed_html": "A Digital Payment Token service licence is a Singapore authorisation under the Payment Services Act permitting dealing in and exchange of cryptocurrencies and other digital payment tokens.
" }, { "id": "fca-authorization", "term_en": "FCA authorisation (UK)", "term_ru": "Авторизация FCA (UK)", "definition_en": "FCA authorisation is a permission granted by the UK Financial Conduct Authority, the conduct regulator for financial services, required for payment services, e-money issuance and most regulated financial activities in the UK.", "cite_as": "\"FCA authorisation (UK)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-fca-authorization", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-fca-authorization", "embed_html": "An Electronic Money Institution licence is an authorisation under the EU E-Money Directive or UK EMR 2011 permitting issuance of electronic money and provision of payment services.
" }, { "id": "vcfm-singapore", "term_en": "Venture Capital Fund Manager regime (Singapore)", "term_ru": "Режим VCFM (Сингапур)", "definition_en": "The VCFM regime is a simplified MAS authorisation in Singapore for managers serving only venture capital funds, with relaxed eligibility, capital and conduct requirements compared with full fund-management licensing.", "cite_as": "\"Venture Capital Fund Manager regime (Singapore)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-vcfm-singapore", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/private-fund-singapore#term-vcfm-singapore", "embed_html": "FCA authorisation is a permission granted by the UK Financial Conduct Authority, the conduct regulator for financial services, required for payment services, e-money issuance and most regulated financial activities in the UK.
" }, { "id": "msb-psp-canada", "term_en": "MSB / PSP registration (Canada)", "term_ru": "MSB/PSP (Канада)", "definition_en": "Canadian money services business registration with FINTRAC, paired with payment service provider registration with the Bank of Canada under the Retail Payment Activities Act.", "cite_as": "\"MSB / PSP registration (Canada)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-msb-psp-canada", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-msb-psp-canada", "embed_html": "The VCFM regime is a simplified MAS authorisation in Singapore for managers serving only venture capital funds, with relaxed eligibility, capital and conduct requirements compared with full fund-management licensing.
" }, { "id": "casp-mica", "term_en": "CASP authorisation under MiCA (EU)", "term_ru": "CASP по MiCA (ЕС)", "definition_en": "A CASP authorisation is an EU licence for crypto-asset service providers under the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), passportable across the EU for custody, exchange and other crypto-asset services.", "cite_as": "\"CASP authorisation under MiCA (EU)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/crypto-private-wealth#term-casp-mica", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/crypto-private-wealth#term-casp-mica", "embed_html": "Canadian money services business registration with FINTRAC, paired with payment service provider registration with the Bank of Canada under the Retail Payment Activities Act.
" }, { "id": "vasp", "term_en": "Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP)", "term_ru": "VASP", "definition_en": "A Virtual Asset Service Provider is the FATF category for businesses that exchange, transfer, safekeep or administer virtual assets, transposed into national licensing and registration regimes.", "cite_as": "\"Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/crypto-private-wealth#term-vasp", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/crypto-private-wealth#term-vasp", "embed_html": "A CASP authorisation is an EU licence for crypto-asset service providers under the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), passportable across the EU for custody, exchange and other crypto-asset services.
" }, { "id": "msb", "term_en": "Money Services Business registration (US)", "term_ru": "MSB (США)", "definition_en": "US Money Services Business registration with FinCEN under the Bank Secrecy Act, required for money transmission, currency exchange and similar services, alongside state-level money transmitter licences.", "cite_as": "\"Money Services Business registration (US)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-msb", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/fintech-license-map#term-msb", "embed_html": "A Virtual Asset Service Provider is the FATF category for businesses that exchange, transfer, safekeep or administer virtual assets, transposed into national licensing and registration regimes.
" }, { "id": "matrimonial-property-regime", "term_en": "Matrimonial property regime", "term_ru": "Режим имущества супругов", "definition_en": "A matrimonial property regime is the set of legal rules that governs ownership, management and division of the spouses’ assets during the marriage and on divorce or death — set by default law or altered by a marriage contract.", "cite_as": "\"Matrimonial property regime\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-matrimonial-property-regime", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-matrimonial-property-regime", "embed_html": "US Money Services Business registration with FinCEN under the Bank Secrecy Act, required for money transmission, currency exchange and similar services, alongside state-level money transmitter licences.
" }, { "id": "community-property", "term_en": "Community of property", "term_ru": "Общность имущества (совместная собственность)", "definition_en": "Community of property is a matrimonial regime under which assets acquired during the marriage are jointly owned by both spouses regardless of title and divide equally by default on divorce; the default regime in Russia, France, most of Spain, Portugal and Kazakhstan.", "cite_as": "\"Community of property\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-community-property", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-community-property", "embed_html": "A matrimonial property regime is the set of legal rules that governs ownership, management and division of the spouses’ assets during the marriage and on divorce or death — set by default law or altered by a marriage contract.
" }, { "id": "separation-of-property", "term_en": "Separation of property", "term_ru": "Раздельность имущества", "definition_en": "Separation of property is a matrimonial regime under which each spouse keeps sole ownership of the assets titled to them, with claims limited to contributions or statutory compensation; the default position in the UAE and, with contribution claims, in Cyprus.", "cite_as": "\"Separation of property\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-separation-of-property", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-separation-of-property", "embed_html": "Community of property is a matrimonial regime under which assets acquired during the marriage are jointly owned by both spouses regardless of title and divide equally by default on divorce; the default regime in Russia, France, most of Spain, Portugal and Kazakhstan.
" }, { "id": "brussels-ii-ter", "term_en": "Brussels II-ter Regulation (EU) 2019/1111", "term_ru": "Регламент Brussels II-ter (ЕС) 2019/1111", "definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 (Brussels II-ter) sets which EU member state’s courts hear divorce, separation and parental-responsibility cases — primarily by the spouses’ habitual residence or common nationality — and makes the resulting judgments recognisable across the EU without separate proceedings.", "cite_as": "\"Brussels II-ter Regulation (EU) 2019/1111\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-brussels-ii-ter", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-brussels-ii-ter", "embed_html": "Separation of property is a matrimonial regime under which each spouse keeps sole ownership of the assets titled to them, with claims limited to contributions or statutory compensation; the default position in the UAE and, with contribution claims, in Cyprus.
" }, { "id": "rome-iii", "term_en": "Rome III Regulation (EU) 1259/2010", "term_ru": "Регламент Рим III (ЕС) 1259/2010", "definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 1259/2010 (Rome III) lets spouses in participating EU states agree in writing, in advance, which country’s law governs their divorce or separation, removing the applicable-law uncertainty created by relocations.", "cite_as": "\"Rome III Regulation (EU) 1259/2010\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-rome-iii", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/divorce-property-division#term-rome-iii", "embed_html": "Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 (Brussels II-ter) sets which EU member state’s courts hear divorce, separation and parental-responsibility cases — primarily by the spouses’ habitual residence or common nationality — and makes the resulting judgments recognisable across the EU without separate proceedings.
" }, { "id": "eu-matrimonial-property-regulation", "term_en": "Matrimonial Property Regulation (EU) 2016/1103", "term_ru": "Регламент (ЕС) 2016/1103 о режимах имущества супругов", "definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 determines which law governs the matrimonial property of international couples in participating EU states — by default the law of the first common habitual residence after the wedding — and allows a documented choice of law.", "cite_as": "\"Matrimonial Property Regulation (EU) 2016/1103\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/prenup-cross-border#term-eu-matrimonial-property-regulation", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/prenup-cross-border#term-eu-matrimonial-property-regulation", "embed_html": "Regulation (EU) 1259/2010 (Rome III) lets spouses in participating EU states agree in writing, in advance, which country’s law governs their divorce or separation, removing the applicable-law uncertainty created by relocations.
" }, { "id": "brussels-iv", "term_en": "EU Succession Regulation 650/2012 (Brussels IV)", "term_ru": "Регламент (ЕС) 650/2012 о наследовании (Brussels IV)", "definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 650/2012 (Brussels IV) subjects the whole estate to the law of the deceased’s last habitual residence, lets a testator choose the law of their nationality instead (professio juris), and created the European Certificate of Succession.", "cite_as": "\"EU Succession Regulation 650/2012 (Brussels IV)\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-applicable-law#term-brussels-iv", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-applicable-law#term-brussels-iv", "embed_html": "Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 determines which law governs the matrimonial property of international couples in participating EU states — by default the law of the first common habitual residence after the wedding — and allows a documented choice of law.
" }, { "id": "european-certificate-succession-entity", "term_en": "European Certificate of Succession", "term_ru": "Европейское свидетельство о наследовании", "definition_en": "The European Certificate of Succession is a single EU document, created by Regulation 650/2012, that proves the status and rights of heirs, legatees, executors and administrators in every participating member state without further legalisation.", "cite_as": "\"European Certificate of Succession\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/european-certificate-succession#term-european-certificate-succession-entity", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/european-certificate-succession#term-european-certificate-succession-entity", "embed_html": "Regulation (EU) 650/2012 (Brussels IV) subjects the whole estate to the law of the deceased’s last habitual residence, lets a testator choose the law of their nationality instead (professio juris), and created the European Certificate of Succession.
" }, { "id": "probate", "term_en": "Probate", "term_ru": "Пробейт (судебное подтверждение завещания)", "definition_en": "Probate is the common-law court procedure that validates a will and authorises the executor or administrator to collect, manage and distribute the estate; foreign assets in common-law jurisdictions such as England or the US typically cannot be transferred without it.", "cite_as": "\"Probate\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-applicable-law#term-probate", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-applicable-law#term-probate", "embed_html": "The European Certificate of Succession is a single EU document, created by Regulation 650/2012, that proves the status and rights of heirs, legatees, executors and administrators in every participating member state without further legalisation.
" }, { "id": "usufruct", "term_en": "Usufruct", "term_ru": "Узуфрукт", "definition_en": "A usufruct is the civil-law right to use property and take its income while ownership belongs to another — commonly used in continental succession planning to give a surviving spouse lifetime enjoyment of assets that pass to the children.", "cite_as": "\"Usufruct\" — private.law attorneys, wiki.private.law entity registry. https://wiki.private.law/succession-applicable-law#term-usufruct", "permalink": "https://wiki.private.law/succession-applicable-law#term-usufruct", "embed_html": "Probate is the common-law court procedure that validates a will and authorises the executor or administrator to collect, manage and distribute the estate; foreign assets in common-law jurisdictions such as England or the US typically cannot be transferred without it.
" } ] }A usufruct is the civil-law right to use property and take its income while ownership belongs to another — commonly used in continental succession planning to give a surviving spouse lifetime enjoyment of assets that pass to the children.