# Alena Dunaeva

Role: Lawyer, Family Office
Location: Saint Petersburg, Russia
Email: alena@private.law
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/alena-dunaeva-4a5a3a24b/
Canonical: https://wiki.private.law/en/authors/dunaeva

---

## Experience

- private.law (2022 – present)
- Saola — lawyer (2022)
- Altai Branch of RANEPA (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) — lawyer (2020–2022)

## Education

**University education**

- RANEPA (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) — Master of Law, honours (2023)
- RANEPA — Bachelor of Law, honours (2020)

**Additional courses**

- Effective Compliance Programs, University of Pennsylvania (2021)
- American Contract Law I, Yale University (2020)
- “Crystal Themis” All-Russian Constitutional Justice Competition for student teams (2018)

## Wiki articles

- Certificate of Resident Status for a Hong Kong Company: How It Works in Practice
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-resident-certificate-practice
  Summary: How a Hong Kong company run from abroad obtains a Certificate of Resident Status for Russia or Belarus: the form, timing, apostille and the offshore claim.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T19:25:00.000Z

- Banks in Armenia for Non-Residents: Which One to Choose
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/armenia-banks
  Summary: Armenian banks for non-residents: who owns them, the Evocabank remote route and its fees, and the AMD 16m dram vs AMD 7m currency deposit guarantee.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T02:34:00.000Z

- Banks in Georgia for Non-Residents: Which One to Choose
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/georgia-banks
  Summary: Georgian banks for a non-resident: TBC, Bank of Georgia, foreign-owned and digital banks on channel, ownership, GEL 50,000 deposit cover and sanctions exposure.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T02:34:00.000Z

- Dual Citizenship Map: Where a Second Passport Costs the First
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/dual-citizenship-map
  Summary: Dual citizenship in 24 countries: who loses a passport on naturalising abroad, who demands renunciation, reporting duties, military and tax links.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:34:00.000Z

- Corporate KYC: Verifying a Company Client, Its Owners and Its Money
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/corporate-kyc
  Summary: How banks and licensed firms verify a corporate client: ownership chain and UBO thresholds, documents, risk rating, review intervals and refusal.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T08:43:00.000Z

- The FATF: Standards, Mutual Evaluations and the Black and Grey Lists
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fatf
  Summary: How the FATF sets AML standards and assesses countries, who is on the black and grey lists after June 2026, and what listing means for clients, banks and structures.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T08:37:00.000Z

- Wolfsberg Questionnaires: CBDDQ, FCCQ and the Standards Banks Use to Test Compliance
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/wolfsberg-questionnaires
  Summary: Wolfsberg CBDDQ 1.4 and FCCQ 1.2: who publishes them, the 14 sections, signatures and 18-month refresh, the questions that trip up EMIs, PSPs and VASPs, and what must back an honest Yes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T02:56:00.000Z

- Client Asset Protection Map: Deposits, Safeguarding and Investor Compensation
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/client-asset-protection-map
  Summary: Deposit guarantee schemes, EMI safeguarding and investor compensation compared: 28 schemes, limits, eligible depositors, payout periods and a US$2m allocation example.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T14:43:00.000Z

- Choosing a Forum for a Private-Capital Dispute: Arbitral Institutions and Commercial Courts
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/arbitration-forum-comparison
  Summary: Compare arbitral institutions and commercial courts on seat, emergency relief, expedited routes, published fees on a US$10m claim, confidentiality and sanctions payments.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T05:23:00.000Z

- Bank Reliability: G-SIBs, TLAC and the Lessons of 2023
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bank-reliability
  Summary: How to judge a bank beyond deposit insurance: the 29 G-SIBs by bucket, TLAC and the bail-in order, and what the failures of 2023 showed depositors.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:17:00.000Z

- Home Office Permanent Establishment: The 50% Threshold and the Commercial Reason
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/home-office-pe
  Summary: The 50% working-time threshold and the commercial-reason test in paragraphs 44.1–44.21 of the Commentary on Article 5, the five OECD examples, German and Spanish guidance, evidence and State reservations.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T08:18:00.000Z

- Exchange of Advance Rulings on Individuals: DAC8, the €1.5m Threshold and Residence
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/dac8-hnwi-rulings
  Summary: Directive (EU) 2023/2226 extended the automatic exchange of advance cross-border rulings to individuals: two gateways, the EUR 1 500 000 threshold, the renewal trigger, what is communicated, and how the Italian interpello, Spanish consulta vinculante, Portuguese informação vinculativa and Greek approval are classified.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T16:55:00.000Z

- Cyprus Tax Reform from 2026: Company, Individual, Crypto-Assets
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cyprus-tax-reform-2026
  Summary: The Cyprus reform in force from 1 January 2026: 15% corporate tax, a personal scale with a EUR 22,000 nil band, SDC of 5% on dividends and 17% on interest, 8% on crypto-assets, and the transition for pre-2026 profits.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T03:12:00.000Z

- Cross-Border Disputes: Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Awards
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cross-border-disputes
  Summary: Jurisdiction, parallel proceedings and anti-suit, interim relief, judgments and arbitral awards across borders: recognition and enforcement routes by instrument, state immunity and ICSID, asset tracing and collectability — why winning is not the same as being paid.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T04:23:00.000Z

- Company Lifecycle: Incorporation, Governance, Transfers and Dissolution
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/company-lifecycle
  Summary: How a company works internally from incorporation to dissolution: statute vs articles vs shareholders' agreement, board vs shareholder decisions, directors' duties and conflicts, capital, buy-backs and transfers, deadlock, distributions, annual filings and identity verification, strike-off, dissolution and restoration, register evidence and beneficial ownership — UK, Delaware and BVI.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:41:00.000Z

- SPA and SHA: Signing, the Price Bridge and Deal Protections
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/spa-sha-mechanics
  Summary: Enterprise value vs the price actually paid, locked box vs completion accounts, warranties, disclosure and indemnities, caps and baskets, escrow, earn-outs, W&I insurance and the SHA mechanics that decide what a minority stake is worth — English-law deal mechanics with a worked price bridge, a clearance-threshold table and a remedies map.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T21:47:00.000Z

- Cross-Border Insolvency and Avoidance of Prior Transactions
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cross-border-insolvency
  Summary: Who is the debtor and whose estate; COMI, recognition and the stay; secured, unsecured and set-off; preferences, undervalue and fraudulent transfers under UK Insolvency Act 1986 ss.238-245 and US Code s547/548 with their real time limits — and why one foreign structure is not asset protection.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T00:55:00.000Z

- Private Credit and Security Interests: Creation, Perfection, Priority and Enforcement
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/private-credit-security
  Summary: How secured private credit really works: debt claim vs security interest vs guarantee, creation and perfection under UCC Article 9 and English law, priority, covenants, enforcement and the limits insolvency imposes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T00:55:00.000Z

- Cross-Border Fund Distribution: Marketing, Promotion and Investor Communications
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-distribution-cross-border
  Summary: The four axes of cross-border fund distribution: product exemption, intermediary status, investor category and communication type — US Reg D/Reg S, UK financial promotion, EU pre-marketing, Singapore CISNet.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:25:00.000Z

- Fund, SPV, Syndicate, Club Deal and Managed Account: Legal Distinctions
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-regulatory-perimeter
  Summary: How to tell an investment fund from an SPV, syndicate, club deal, joint venture, managed account and holding company: pooling, discretion and control axes, AIFMD/ESMA tests, FSMA s.235, Howey and the Investment Company Act, Cayman and Singapore.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:25:00.000Z

- Permanent Establishment: Fixed Place, Agent PE and Treaty Thresholds
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/permanent-establishment
  Summary: When a foreign company becomes taxable at source: how a permanent establishment is decided under domestic law and the tax treaty, fixed-place and agent PE, exceptions, and how profits are attributed.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T10:29:00.000Z

- Fund Valuation: NAV, Dealing Prices and Liquidity
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-valuation-nav
  Summary: How fund NAV is produced, who answers when it is wrong, and why value is not cash: fair-value hierarchy, AIFMD and SEC Rule 2a-5, dealing cut-offs, NAV-error thresholds, gates and side pockets.
  Last modified: 2026-09-14T20:25:00.000Z

- Fund Tax Architecture: Who Pays, Where and On What
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-tax-architecture
  Summary: The tax chain of an investment fund: asset and source country, transparent/opaque classification, feeders and blockers, three LP classes on one portfolio (UBTI, ECI, FIRPTA, §1446, PFIC), manager and carry.
  Last modified: 2026-09-14T19:16:00.000Z

- UAE Banks: First Abu Dhabi Bank, Emirates NBD, ADCB and Mashreq
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uae-banks
  Summary: Emirates NBD, First Abu Dhabi Bank, ADCB and Mashreq: legal names, owners, private and priority banking thresholds, and accounts for non-residents.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T09:32:00.000Z

- Swiss Private Banks: EFG, J. Safra Sarasin and Vontobel
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/swiss-private-banking
  Summary: EFG, J. Safra Sarasin and Vontobel: service models, banking entities, capital thresholds, fees and asset protection.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T14:04:00.000Z

- Switzerland: canton, residence, banks and ownership structures
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/switzerland-hub
  Summary: Three independent layers of any Swiss decision: the canton and the lump-sum regime, the federal residence permit, the bank and its booking centre. A cluster map.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:23:00.000Z

- Wholesale DLT Settlement: Choosing the Settlement Asset
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/wholesale-dlt-settlement
  Summary: Fnality, Partior, deposit tokens and wholesale CBDCs compared on the one axis that matters: whose obligation the ledger entry is, and what that does to credit risk and supervision.
  Last modified: 2026-09-11T15:32:00.000Z

- Banking in Turkey: Non-Resident Accounts and the FX Perimeter
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/turkey-banks
  Summary: Opening a Turkish bank account: tax number and residence permit, TRY 1.2m deposit insurance, the closed KKM scheme, the USD 500,000 citizenship deposit.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T09:35:00.000Z

- Banking in Portugal: Accounts for Newcomers and Investors
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/portugal-banks
  Summary: Opening a Portuguese account: the NIF and fiscal representative, banks and neobanks, remote opening, accounts for golden visa and D8, mortgages and IFICI.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T06:59:00.000Z

- Banking in Spain: CaixaBank and Accounts for Residents, Non-Residents and Mortgages
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/spain-banks
  Summary: CaixaBank non-resident accounts and HolaBank, Banco de España code 2100, the NIE and non-residence certificate, neobanks, fees, mortgages and Modelo 720.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T06:59:00.000Z

- Offshore Banking Jurisdictions: Cayman, Jersey, Guernsey, Bermuda
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/offshore-banks
  Summary: Trust and fund accounts in Cayman, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Bermuda: licences, the £50,000 limits and why structures fall outside them.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T20:12:00.000Z

- Banking in Latin America: Accounts for Residence and Capital
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/latam-banks
  Summary: A Latin American account follows residence: local identifiers, deposit cover across seven countries, FX regimes, Argentina in 2026 and CRS status.
  Last modified: 2026-09-12T07:49:00.000Z

- Residence by Investment in Europe: Programmes and Requirements
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/investor-routes-europe
  Summary: European investor routes as of August 2026: entry thresholds, timelines, presence, tax effect and reform risk across ten jurisdictions, from the ARI fund to Malta's MPRP.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T06:10:00.000Z

- Licence Withdrawal and Wind-Down: What Happens to Client Money
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/license-wind-down
  Summary: Client money at an EMI, payment institution, MSB or crypto platform when the licence goes: withdrawal, wind-down and insolvency, the safeguarding pool and the 65% average shortfall on FCA data.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T07:42:00.000Z

- UK: the FCA Authorisation Map — EMI, API, PI and the Small Regimes
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uk-fca-license-map
  Summary: Every door into the UK payments perimeter: authorised and small EMI/PI, RAISP, agents and credit broking — capital, own funds methods, real FCA timelines and safeguarding from 7 May 2026.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T21:48:00.000Z

- DIFC Family Office: Regulations, Licensing and Asset Requirements
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/difc-family-office
  Summary: DIFC single family office under the Family Arrangements Regulations 2023: USD 50m net assets threshold, no DFSA licence for a pure SFO, DIFC vs ADGM fees and MD 261/2024 foundation transparency.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:30:00.000Z

- Relocation Matrix: Leaving One Jurisdiction and Entering Another
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/relocation-matrix
  Summary: Twelve jurisdictions from both sides: when the old residence breaks, what the exit costs, what trails behind and how the new one arises. Pair: country A's exit column plus country B's entry column.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:37:00.000Z

- AI Roll-Up: Building a Group Through M&A and AI
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/ai-rollup
  Summary: Five AI roll-up models, choosing a vertical, HoldCo–BidCo–OpCo structure, capital and earn-outs, data rights, the first 100 days and regulatory filters.
  Last modified: 2026-09-13T20:11:00.000Z

- MSO: Management Services Organization for Regulated Practices
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/management-services-organization-mso
  Summary: MSO (Management Services Organization): separating licensed practice from operational platform. Friendly PC and MSA, industry map from medicine to pharmacy, management fee models.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T06:05:00.000Z

- RIA: Registered Investment Adviser in the United States
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/registered-investment-adviser-ria
  Summary: What is a Registered Investment Adviser, when managers need SEC or state registration, how Form ADV works, and how RIA differs from ERA, broker-dealer, and family office.
  Last modified: 2026-10-01T22:03:00.000Z

- Where the Fund Manager Sits: Choosing the Manager's Jurisdiction
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-manager-jurisdictions
  Summary: Choosing the fund manager's jurisdiction: license thresholds, timelines, substance, tax on management fee and carry, investor access. SG, HK, UAE, UK, US, EU.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T07:51:00.000Z

- ERA: Exempt Reporting Adviser in the United States
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/exempt-reporting-adviser-era
  Summary: What is an Exempt Reporting Adviser, how ERA differs from RIA, how venture-capital and private-fund adviser exemptions work, and what events trigger registration.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T01:26:00.000Z

- Investment Fund Domicile: Jurisdiction, Structure and Launch
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-domicile-jurisdictions
  Summary: How to choose the jurisdiction and legal form of an investment fund: domiciles in the US, Cayman Islands, BVI, Jersey, Luxembourg, Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong and the Gulf.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T15:48:00.000Z

- Professional Corporation in the USA: Ownership of Licensed Practice
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/professional-corporation-pc
  Summary: Professional corporations in the USA: PC, PLLC, PA, RLLP, and design professional corporation. Three admission tests, ownership rules (49% in California, 75% in New York).
  Last modified: 2026-09-12T19:27:00.000Z

- Five Ways to Buy In: Contribution, Fund, Property, Business, Deposit
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/investment-migration-models
  Summary: Contribution, fund, property, business and deposit: 2026 thresholds — €250k in Hungary, €500k in Portugal, $800k for EB-5 — and what each model really costs.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T23:10:00.000Z

- Who Sees a Creator's Income: DAC7, MRDP, 1099-K and CESOP
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/dac7-creators
  Summary: No threshold under DAC7 for personal services, UK MRDP from 2024, the 1099-K threshold back at $20,000 and 200 transactions, CESOP from 25 payments a quarter.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T17:13:00.000Z

- Platform Withholding: YouTube, Twitch and TikTok
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/platform-withholding
  Summary: How YouTube, Twitch and TikTok withhold US tax: 30% on the US share, up to 24% without a W-8BEN, and why Russian residents lost the treaty rate in 2024.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:27:00.000Z

- RPAA: Bank of Canada Supervision of Payment Service Providers — the Second Regime on Top of FINTRAC
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/rpaa-canada
  Summary: 1,562 registered PSPs as of 13 Aug 2026, end-user fund safeguarding, penalties up to CAD 10m and the FINTRAC overlap — how Bank of Canada supervision actually works.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T16:44:00.000Z

- Tax Residence on Tour: How the Authorities Prove You Never Left
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/touring-tax-residency
  Summary: How the authorities rebuild a touring year: CRS, DAC7 and the PStTG, the Shakira ruling, BFH case law on § 8 AO, and the residence certificate procedure in Spain, Germany, the UAE and Andorra.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T05:25:00.000Z

- Relocating on Platform Income: Visa and Tax Routes for Creators
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/creator-relocation
  Summary: Spain's DNV will not take pure AdSense: a three-month client contract is required. Portugal D8 asks €3,680 a month, Thailand DTV 500,000 THB, Georgia 1%.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T21:06:00.000Z

- Singapore's DTSP Regime: Why a Singapore-Registered Crypto Company Must Licence or Leave
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-dtsp
  Summary: Since 30 June 2025 a Singapore entity serving only offshore crypto clients needs a DTSP licence MAS says it will generally not grant. Routes, costs, penalties.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:18:00.000Z

- Spain and Professional Athletes: The Beckham Law Is Closed — What Replaces It
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/spain-athletes
  Summary: Professional athletes are excluded from the article 93 LIRPF regime by RD 1006/1985. Rates of 24/47%, Madrid's 20% deduction and the 85/15 image rights rule.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T19:26:00.000Z

- NIL in 2026: Revenue Sharing, Deal Clearing and the F-1 Deadlock
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/nil
  Summary: House v. NCAA: a $20.5m cap per school in 2025/26 and $21.3m in 2026/27, deal clearing from $600, self-employment tax and the F-1 deadlock for foreign athletes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-14T11:43:00.000Z

- Compound Planning: Digital Family Office and Financial Planning
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/compound-planning
  Summary: An SEC-registered RIA with $5 billion in AUM growing 75% a year: how Compound Planning's digital multi-family office works — model, fees, who it serves.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T06:05:00.000Z

- The Digital Dollar in Four Legal Forms: Deposit Tokens, Stablecoins, EMTs and Tokenised Funds
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/digital-dollar-forms
  Summary: Deposit tokens, payment stablecoins, MiCA e-money tokens and tokenised money market funds: legal nature, holder protection and balance-sheet risks — in one table.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T07:59:00.000Z

- CBDCs in 2026: the Digital Euro, the Digital Ruble and the US Fork
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbdc-landscape
  Summary: The digital euro pilot in 2027, a mandatory digital ruble from 1 September 2026 and a US CBDC ban: what the CBDC map means for banks and private clients.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T00:05:00.000Z

- The OCC National Trust Charter: a Bank Without Deposits for Crypto and Fintech
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/occ-trust-charter
  Summary: Fiduciary powers, preemption of some 50 state MTLs and life without FDIC: how Ripple, Circle and Morgan Stanley take a national trust charter — and what it buys.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T23:57:00.000Z

- Zero Hash: embedded crypto, custody and settlement infrastructure
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/zerohash
  Summary: Zero Hash: embedded crypto trading, custody, stablecoin payments, settlement and tokenisation for brokers, banks and fintechs. Licences, end-client agreements, pricing and OCC application status.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T23:10:00.000Z

- Meanwhile: Bitcoin-Denominated Life Insurance for Crypto Wealth
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/meanwhile
  Summary: Meanwhile is a Bermuda life insurer offering whole-life policies denominated in bitcoin. BMA licence, premiums and cash value, policy loans, custody, onboarding, tax considerations and product risks.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T17:23:00.000Z

- Conduit: B2B Payments Through Stablecoins
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/conduit
  Summary: Conduit provides B2B cross-border payments through bank rails, virtual accounts and stablecoins. Routes in Latin America and Africa, pricing, timing, KYB, infrastructure and liquidity limits.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T17:02:00.000Z

- Bridge (Stripe): Stablecoin Infrastructure and Preliminary OCC Approval
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bridge-stripe
  Summary: Bridge is Stripe's infrastructure for stablecoin payments, issuance, wallets and cards. Stripe acquisition, preliminary conditional OCC approval, products, onboarding and current limitations.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T17:01:00.000Z

- Farther: SEC-Registered RIA and Wealth Platform
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/farther
  Summary: Farther is an SEC-registered investment adviser and wealth platform. Services, asset metrics, fees, custody at Fidelity, Schwab, Pershing and Apex, client eligibility and conflicts.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T10:07:00.000Z

- iFAST Global Bank: UK Bank for International Clients
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/ifast-global-bank
  Summary: iFAST Global Bank is a PRA/FCA-authorised UK bank. Multi-currency accounts and deposits, remote onboarding for international clients, cards, transfers, FSCS protection and limitations.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T21:07:00.000Z

- Arta Finance: Investment Platform for Accredited Investors
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/arta-finance
  Summary: Arta Finance is an investment platform for accredited investors: an SEC-registered adviser in the US, a MAS-licensed company in Singapore, private markets, managed portfolios, fees and eligibility.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:10:00.000Z

- SoFi Bank and SoFiUSD: Banking, Crypto Trading and Stablecoin
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/sofi
  Summary: SoFi Bank and SoFiUSD: national bank charter, banking and investment products, crypto trading, stablecoin reserves, FDIC, pricing and product limitations.
  Last modified: 2026-09-16T13:47:00.000Z

- Situs of Movable Assets: Aircraft, Yachts and Collections
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/movable-asset-situs
  Summary: Where a jet, yacht or painting sits for inheritance tax: the US $60,000 threshold, the UK long-term residence test, French assiette matérielle, treaties.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:15:00.000Z

- Switzerland and Singapore for Private Banking: Comparison
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/switzerland-vs-singapore-private-banking
  Summary: Entry thresholds, onboarding times, bank secrecy, deposit insurance, transaction taxes, fees and retrocessions: two private banking centres compared.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:30:00.000Z

- Mortgages for Non-Residents: LTV, Rates and Eligibility by Country
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/non-resident-mortgage
  Summary: Regulatory LTV caps, August 2026 rates and lender criteria for non-resident borrowers across eleven jurisdictions, from Spain and Portugal to the UAE.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T08:46:00.000Z

- Trust Taxation: Grantor, Non-Grantor and Russian Rules
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/trust-taxation
  Summary: How tax systems see a trust: US grantor vs non-grantor, throwback and Form 3520, UK relevant property after FIG, Russian CFC rules and CRS transparency.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T02:03:00.000Z

- Venture Tax Reliefs: QSBS, EIS/SEIS and Opportunity Zones
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/venture-tax-benefits
  Summary: The relief map for founders and angels: tiered QSBS ($15M cap, 3/4/5-year holds), the UK's EIS/SEIS through 2035, permanent Opportunity Zones from 2027. How they combine and where the limits are.
  Last modified: 2026-09-06T07:18:00.000Z

- Buying Property in Greece as a Non-Resident: Law, Taxes and Golden Visa
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/greece-property-purchase
  Summary: Entry at 3.09% instead of 24% VAT through end-2026, Golden Visa from €250,000 to €800,000, ENFIA and the Athens Airbnb freeze — and an opaque holding pays 15% a year.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T07:44:00.000Z

- Buying Property in the UAE as a Non-Resident: Freehold, DLD and Residence
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uae-property-purchase
  Summary: Freehold zones in Dubai and Abu Dhabi, a 4% DLD fee, no annual property tax, Golden Visa from AED 2m, off-plan escrow and DIFC wills. The non-resident deal.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T08:46:00.000Z

- Matrimonial Property Regimes: What Counts as Marital and Under Which Law
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/matrimonial-property-regimes
  Summary: Community of acquests, separation of property and deferred community: default regimes in France, Germany, England, the US and Russia, plus EU Reg 2016/1103.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T07:46:00.000Z

- Pension Assets on Relocation: SIPP, QROPS, 401(k) and the Destination Country
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/pensions-relocation
  Summary: What happens to pension savings when residency changes: SIPP relief, the 25% Overseas Transfer Charge, 401(k) and IRA, UK IHT from 2027, destination regimes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:54:00.000Z

- Sanctions-Resilient Structures in 2026: The Mechanics for Russian Capital
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/sanctions-resilient-structures
  Summary: Surviving compliance shocks without circumventing sanctions: the 50% rule in the EU, OFAC and the UK, Article 5b, EU packages 19 and 20, stress tests.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T09:28:00.000Z

- Serbian Banks for Non-Residents
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/serbia-banks
  Summary: Which Serbian bank opens an account for a non-resident or Russian citizen in 2026: criteria, documents, FX accounts, transfers, 50,000 EUR deposit cover.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T09:36:00.000Z

- Kazakhstan Residence Permits: Temporary, Permanent and Tax Residency
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/kazakhstan-residence
  Summary: Kazakhstan residence in 2026: the 90/180 rule, one-working-day RVP review, the 1,320 MCI threshold, IIN applications and tax residency tests.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:35:00.000Z

- Serbia Residence Permit
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/serbia-residence
  Summary: Serbia residence 2026: single permit up to 36 months, grounds and e-filing, decision in 15-30 days, permanent residence after 3 years, citizenship rules.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:35:00.000Z

- UK Bank Account for Non-Residents
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uk-bank-account-non-resident
  Summary: No basic-account right under reg 23(1) PAR 2015. Routes in 2026: island arms from £75,000 with £50,000 cover, private banking, EMIs. FSCS is now £120,000.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:23:00.000Z

- Private and Priority Banking in the UAE: Thresholds and Escalation
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uae-private-banking
  Summary: Three circuits of UAE private banking: local tiers from AED 200,000, DIFC Professional Client classification, 9% corporate tax, CRS and sanctions exposure.
  Last modified: 2026-09-22T22:29:00.000Z

- LGT Private Bank: Ownership, Minimums and Booking Centres
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/lgt-private-bank
  Summary: LGT, the private bank owned by Liechtenstein's Princely Family: CHF 412.6bn AUM, Aa2/A+ ratings, booking in Vaduz, Basel and Singapore, published tariffs and onboarding for non-residents.
  Last modified: 2026-09-11T15:14:00.000Z

- New Zealand: Investor Residency, No-CGT Taxes and Citizenship
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/new-zealand-residence
  Summary: Active Investor Plus residency (NZD 5m, 21 days of presence over 3 years), citizenship in 5 years, taxes with no CGT or inheritance tax, the 4-year exemption and the year-five FIF trap.
  Last modified: 2026-09-02T09:38:00.000Z

- Milei's Argentina: Residency, Two-Year Citizenship and Taxes
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/argentina-residence
  Summary: Argentina 2026: rentista and nomad statuses, the constitutional two-year citizenship and its 2025 decree rewrite, Bienes Personales → 0.25%, REIBP and Milei's reforms.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:35:00.000Z

- Zand Bank: The UAE's First Fully Licensed Digital Bank for Corporate and Digital Assets
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/zand-bank
  Summary: Zand Bank — the UAE's first fully licensed digital bank: corporate and VASP accounts, VARA-licensed custody, the Zand AED stablecoin and a BBB+ Fitch rating.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T21:46:00.000Z

- Cayman Islands Company: Exempted Company, Zero Tax and Substance
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/company-cayman
  Summary: How a Cayman exempted company works: zero tax and tax undertaking, economic substance, beneficial ownership register, reputation and banking, when the Caymans are appropriate.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T19:44:00.000Z

- Lombard Odier: Geneva's Oldest Private Bank
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/lombard-odier
  Summary: Lombard Odier profile: Geneva partnership, FINMA regulation, private banking thresholds, DPM/advisory products, and practice with international clients.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T05:28:00.000Z

- UAE: Residency, Taxes, Companies and Banks
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uae-hub
  Summary: UAE map: golden visa and tax residency, mainland vs free zone vs ADGM/DIFC, banks for companies and individuals, Russia tax treaty from 2026.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T23:46:00.000Z

- Banks by Jurisdiction: Private Banking and Accounts
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/banks
  Summary: Bank and jurisdiction navigator for private capital: deposit banks, private banking, settlement hubs and infrastructure choices under sanctions risk.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T02:36:00.000Z

- Erebor Bank: Peter Thiel and Palmer Luckey's bank under the mountain
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/erebor
  Summary: Erebor is the new U.S. national bank from Peter Thiel and Palmer Luckey: stablecoins on the balance sheet, ~$4B in deposits, $8B valuation talks, an OCC charter in 2026 and how to get exposure.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T21:47:00.000Z

- Wio Bank: Abu Dhabi's Digital Bank for SMEs and Personal Clients
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/wio-bank
  Summary: Wio Bank — Abu Dhabi's profitable digital bank backed by ADQ, e& and FAB: Wio Business for SMEs, Wio Personal, Emirates ID eligibility and fast onboarding.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:23:00.000Z

- Grasshopper Bank: The US Digital Bank for Startups and SMBs
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/grasshopper-bank
  Summary: Grasshopper Bank — a US digital bank on its own national charter: startup and SMB banking, BaaS, SBA lending, and what Enova's withdrawn applications for its $369M deal mean for clients.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:35:00.000Z

- Lead Bank: The Kansas City Sponsor Bank for Fintech Programs
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/lead-bank
  Summary: Lead Bank — the Kansas City sponsor bank behind Affirm, Ramp and Bridge/Visa stablecoin cards: ex-Square CEO, Missouri charter and program criteria.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:23:00.000Z

- ClearBank: The Clearing Bank for Fintechs and EMIs
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/clearbank
  Summary: ClearBank: the UK's first new clearing bank in 250 years — FSCS protection, Faster Payments and CHAPS via API, embedded banking, ECB-licensed EU arm.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T07:43:00.000Z

- Clear Junction: Banking Infrastructure for Payment Companies
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/clear-junction
  Summary: Clear Junction: FCA-authorised EMI; crypto registration held by its sister company. Correspondent accounts, vIBANs, SEPA, Faster Payments and CHAPS rails for PSPs, EMIs and crypto firms.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T01:20:00.000Z

- BCB Group: Payment Infrastructure for the Crypto Industry
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bcb-group
  Summary: BCB Group: FCA authorised payment institution, French EMI, BLINC 24/7 settlement network, fiat on/off-ramp, FX and custody for exchanges and funds.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:41:00.000Z

- Cross River Bank: The Sponsor Bank Behind US Fintech
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cross-river-bank
  Summary: Cross River Bank — the sponsor bank behind Affirm, Coinbase and Circle: how sponsorship works, the 2023 FDIC consent order, partner criteria and IPO plans.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:59:00.000Z

- Luxembourg: funds, holding companies and fintech licences
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/luxembourg
  Summary: Luxembourg for private capital: RAIF and SIF funds under a third-party ManCo, SOPARFI participation exemption, PPLI insurance wrappers, tax and substance.
  Last modified: 2026-09-08T04:33:00.000Z

- Column N.A.: The Developer Bank for BaaS Programs
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/column-bank
  Summary: Column N.A. — a nationally chartered developer bank from Plaid's co-founder: direct APIs, no middleware, Brex, Plaid and Mercury programs, partner criteria.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T00:45:00.000Z

- Tax Transparency: CRS, FATCA and Financial Information Exchange
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/tax-transparency
  Summary: Tax transparency hub: exchange on request, FATCA, CRS, CARF, DAC6–DAC9, CbCR and UBO registers — what each channel shows about a private client and their structure, and where the system is heading.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T01:12:00.000Z

- Payments and Trade with China: Banks, CIPS and Yuan Clearing
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/china-payments
  Summary: How settlements with China work: yuan corridors and CIPS, major banks vs regional banks, payment platforms for marketplaces, HS-code restrictions and sanctions filtering.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T23:17:00.000Z

- Special Tax Regimes for New Residents: A Map of Options
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/special-tax-regimes
  Summary: A map of special tax regimes for changing tax residency: non-dom, flat tax, territorial taxation, and tax holidays. How to choose and where the pitfalls lie.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:23:00.000Z

- Sygnum: Swiss Crypto Bank with a FINMA Banking Licence
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/sygnum
  Summary: Sygnum Bank: FINMA and MAS licences, segregated custody, trading, staking and Lombard loans against crypto. Who the bank suits, thresholds, onboarding.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T10:38:00.000Z

- Private Investor Infrastructure: A Map of Platforms for Family Offices
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/investment-platforms
  Summary: A map of private investor infrastructure: private equity (Moonfare, iCapital), pre-IPO secondaries (Hiive, Forge, NPM), SPV and cap table (Carta, AngelList, Sydecar) and crypto custody.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T17:06:00.000Z

- Digital Nomad Visas 2026: Overview of 50+ Countries
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/digital-nomad-visas
  Summary: Digital nomad visa overview 2026: 50+ countries, typical requirements (income, insurance, remote work), and the main trap—183 days and tax residency.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T09:46:00.000Z

- Citizenship by Investment: Caribbean and Malta
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/citizenship-by-investment
  Summary: CBI overview: five Caribbean programs and the ECCIRA regulator, threshold from US$200,000, and why the EU Court (C-181/23) closed Malta's citizenship-by-investment scheme.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T19:43:00.000Z

- SCSp: The Luxembourg Partnership for Funds
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/scsp-luxembourg
  Summary: How the Luxembourg SCSp works: tax transparency, GP/LP mechanics and the LPA, use with RAIF and AIFM, comparison with the SCS and the Delaware LP, launch timeline.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:41:00.000Z

- Bank Frick: Liechtenstein Bank for Crypto Business and Financial Intermediaries
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bank-frick
  Summary: Bank Frick: full FMA Liechtenstein banking licence, MiCAR licence for Liechtenstein and the EU, custody, staking, tokenization. Entry thresholds and onboarding explained.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T01:20:00.000Z

- Cook Islands trust + Nevis LLC: a procedural fortress without secrecy
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cook-islands-nevis-asset-protection
  Summary: How a Cook Islands trust over a Nevis LLC works: charging order, beyond-reasonable-doubt, a three-year sunset and phantom income. Asset protection, not a tax scheme, and where the contempt line runs.
  Last modified: 2026-09-22T22:32:00.000Z

- Investment Funds: Structure, Management and Launch
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/funds
  Summary: How investment funds work: LP and VCC vehicles, Cayman, Delaware, Luxembourg and Singapore, manager licensing, NAV and carried interest, providers and launch.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T23:46:00.000Z

- Private Funds: A Legal Guide to Structure, Documents and Terms
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/private-funds-structure-documents
  Summary: The legal architecture of a private fund: fund vehicle, investment manager, LPA documents, waterfall distributions, carry and fee terms. The four structural elements of UHNW capital management.
  Last modified: 2026-09-14T20:22:00.000Z

- AMINA Bank (ex-SEBA): Swiss Crypto Bank with Hubs in Abu Dhabi and Hong Kong
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/amina-bank
  Summary: AMINA Bank (ex-SEBA): FINMA banking licence, custody, staking, MiCA passport via Austria, hubs in Zug, Abu Dhabi and Hong Kong. For professional clients.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T10:06:00.000Z

- Neobanks: Licensing Overview and Ratings
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/neobanks
  Summary: Neobank licences by country and a rating of 16 providers — Revolut, Wise, Airwallex, Payoneer, Currenxie, 3S Money: who holds the money, who is refused.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:22:00.000Z

- Carried interest 2026: the jurisdiction map for fund principals
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/carried-interest-2026
  Summary: Carried interest in 2026: the UK moves it into trading profits (34.075%/47%) and reaches non-residents, Luxembourg offers 11.45% or exemption, Italy 26%, France 31.4% PFU, the US keeps § 1061.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:30:00.000Z

- Ireland Section 110 SPVs and ICAVs: Taxation and US Investors
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/ireland-section-110-icav
  Summary: How an Irish Section 110 SPV zeroes its tax base through profit-participating notes, why the ICAV can check-the-box and kill PFIC, and where ATAD and anti-hybrid bite.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T01:25:00.000Z

- Luxembourg: banks and private banking
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/banking-luxembourg
  Summary: Luxembourg's banking sector: 116 banks, the EU's largest private-banking centre (over €700bn), depositary and custody, key banks (BGL BNP Paribas, Spuerkeess, CA Indosuez).
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:29:00.000Z

- CZCB (Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank): Yiwu bank for China trade and RMB settlements
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/czcb-zhejiang-chouzhou-commercial-bank
  Summary: Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank (CZCB): Yiwu trade banking, NRA account fees, RMB and foreign-currency payment rails, trade finance and sanctions screening.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T19:36:00.000Z

- Luxembourg: EMI and payment licence (CSSF)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/emi-license-luxembourg
  Summary: EMI and payment licence in Luxembourg: CSSF, capital, EEA passporting, MiCA/CASP and stablecoins. Why Ripple, Coinbase and Amazon chose Luxembourg.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:59:00.000Z

- Accredited and Qualified Investor: Rules and Thresholds
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/accredited-investor
  Summary: Access regimes to private markets: accredited investor in the US, professional client in the EU, qualified investor in Russia—thresholds and qualification methods.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:54:00.000Z

- Feeder fund: access to a fund through an intermediate structure
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/feeder-fund
  Summary: Master-feeder and feeder platforms: how the intermediate structure works, two tiers of fees, tax transparency, and risks.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:24:00.000Z

- AngelList: How a Family Office Runs "Club" Deals
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/angellist
  Summary: How family offices use AngelList to run syndicates: deal-by-deal SPVs, fund administration, banking, and platform fees. Infrastructure for direct venture investing.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T10:02:00.000Z

- Moonfare: private equity for those without $10M for a single fund
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/moonfare
  Summary: How Moonfare opens access to private equity funds through feeder structures: minimum checks, secondary windows, fees, and intermediary risks explained.
  Last modified: 2026-09-03T15:41:00.000Z

- J.P. Morgan: Corporate & Investment Bank and Private Bank of JPMorgan Chase
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/jpmorgan
  Summary: J.P. Morgan is the corporate, investment, and private banking arm of JPMorgan Chase, the largest U.S. bank (G-SIB): private bank for UHNW clients, USD clearing network.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T14:51:00.000Z

- BNY (Bank of New York Mellon): Global Custodian, BNY Wealth and Pershing
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bny-mellon
  Summary: BNY (Bank of New York Mellon), founded in 1784 and a U.S. G-SIB: $62.6 trillion in assets under custody/administration (30 June 2026), BNY Investments, BNY Wealth and Pershing.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T14:44:00.000Z

- Carta: Cap Table Management, Fund Administration, and a Data Privacy Lesson
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/carta
  Summary: How Carta became the industry standard for cap table management and fund administration, and why it exited secondary trading after a 2024 data scandal.
  Last modified: 2026-09-21T10:19:00.000Z

- Gibraltar — LP&GP fund
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/gibraltar-private-fund
  Summary: Gibraltar LP/GP private fund: up to 50 participants without GFSC authorisation, the 2025 rules for self-managed funds, structure and tax position.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T15:48:00.000Z

- Suspension of Tax Treaties by Russia: Consequences
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/russia-tax-treaties-suspension
  Summary: Presidential Decree No. 585 of 08.08.2023 suspended tax treaties with 38 countries: payments from Russia at Tax Code rates, US mirror response, double taxation, and new UAE treaty.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T14:51:00.000Z

- Capital Amnesty in Russia: Four Waves of Voluntary Disclosure
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/russia-capital-amnesty
  Summary: Four stages of voluntary disclosure under Federal Law 140-FZ: special declaration, repatriation and redomiciliation to SAR, guarantees of immunity, and current status.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T16:21:00.000Z

- Monaco company
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/monaco-company
  Summary: Setting up a company in Monaco, a sovereign microstate for international business structuring and wealth protection. Tax framework and fit for UHNWIs.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T06:05:00.000Z

- Special Administrative Regions (SAR): Redomiciliation of Holdings to Russia
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/russia-sar-redomicile
  Summary: How special administrative regions on Russky and Oktyabrsky islands work, international holding company (IHC) status, and redomiciliation of holdings from abroad.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T21:46:00.000Z

- Beneficial Ownership and Nominee Structures
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/beneficial-ownership-nominee
  Summary: Who counts as a beneficial owner: ownership, control through other means, senior managing officials, trusts. Indirect holdings, FATF R.24 (2022) and nominee rules in the EU, UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, BVI, UAE.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T14:44:00.000Z

- International Schools for Relocating Families
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/international-schools
  Summary: Choosing an international school for relocation: IB, British (IGCSE/A-levels), and American (AP) systems, tuition costs, accreditation, and program continuity across moves.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T02:28:00.000Z

- International Health Insurance for Expats
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/international-health-insurance
  Summary: Health insurance for relocators: global vs local policies, visa and residence permit requirements (Schengen €30,000, Japan, UAE), coverage zones, evacuation and repatriation.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T02:27:00.000Z

- Seychelles IBC: Territorial Tax, Substance and Banking
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/seychelles-company
  Summary: Seychelles International Business Company under IBC Act 2016: territorial tax after 2019 reform, economic substance requirements, banking limitations and EU list status.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T00:45:00.000Z

- BVI Company: BC Act, Economic Substance and Beneficial Ownership Register 2025
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bvi-company
  Summary: BVI Business Company under BC Act 2004: zero tax, Economic Substance Act 2018, beneficial ownership register reform from January 2025 and legitimate interest access from April 2026.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:29:00.000Z

- Evelyn Partners (formerly Tilney Smith & Williamson): UK wealth manager with £68B AUM and NatWest acquisition 2026
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/tilney-evelyn-partners
  Summary: Evelyn Partners, formerly Tilney Smith & Williamson: UK wealth manager with GBP68B AUM, NatWest acquisition 2026, tax and investment services.
  Last modified: 2026-09-02T09:07:00.000Z

- Standard Chartered UK: £-listed HQ and emerging-markets wealth gateway
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/standard-chartered-uk
  Summary: Standard Chartered UK: London-listed emerging-markets bank, how it differs from Coutts, who benefits and which markets it covers.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T09:29:00.000Z

- Goldman Sachs Private Wealth Management UK: Institutional Wealth Platform for UHNW Clients
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/goldman-sachs-private-wealth-uk
  Summary: Goldman Sachs Private Wealth Management UK: London UHNW service via Goldman Sachs International (PRA/FCA), no published minimum, 1:25 adviser ratio, FSCS limits.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:23:00.000Z

- Lloyds Private Banking: £250k Entry Threshold and Schroders Personal Wealth Integration
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/lloyds-private-banking
  Summary: Lloyds Private Banking in Lloyds Banking Group: GBP250k threshold, Schroders Personal Wealth link and fit for affluent/HNW clients.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T17:12:00.000Z

- Schengen 90/180 Rule
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/schengen-90-180
  Summary: The 90/180 rule in Schengen: no more than 90 days in any 180-day rolling window, official EU calculator, exceptions for residence permits and D visas, overstay risks.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T01:25:00.000Z

- NatWest Premier Banking: £100k Entry and Investment Platform via Coutts
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/natwest-premier
  Summary: NatWest Premier Banking from GBP100k: entry UK premier banking, Coutts-linked investment access and differences from affluent banking.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T19:48:00.000Z

- AML/KYC for Private Clients
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/aml-kyc-private-client
  Summary: The private client onboarding path: identification and digital verification, apostille, self-certification, source of wealth, PEP and sanctions screening, EDD, and differences between providers and jurisdictions.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T09:25:00.000Z

- Art and Collectibles as an Asset Class
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/art-collectibles-wealth
  Summary: Art cluster hub: the economics of collectible assets, title and provenance, freeports, AML, ownership structures and succession, with deep dives on tax, lending and the private museum.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T04:49:00.000Z

- Asia for Nomads: Malaysia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the New Visas
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/asia-nomad-visas
  Summary: Asian nomad visas in 2026: DE Rantau ($24k), Japan (¥10m, 6 months), Korea's F-1-D (permanent, up to 3 years), Taiwan (up to 2 years), the Philippines and Sri Lanka — thresholds and taxes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:22:00.000Z

- Latin America for Nomads: Mexico, Colombia, Brazil
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/latam-nomad-visas
  Summary: LatAm nomad routes in 2026: Mexico's solvency residency, Colombia's Visa V (~$1,400/mo), Brazil's VITEM XIV — plus Costa Rica, Argentina and Uruguay's tax holiday. Thresholds and the 183-day trap.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:29:00.000Z

- UAE Remote Work Visa (Virtual Working Programme)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uae-remote-work-visa
  Summary: UAE remote work visa: from USD 3,500 a month through federal ICP and Dubai's GDRFA, income documents for the chosen route, a one-year residence permit with Emirates ID and the path to a TRC.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T23:09:00.000Z

- ESOP guide — How stock option programs work
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/esop
  Summary: How employee stock option plans (ESOP) work: option types, vesting, tax treatment and practical use. A founder and family-office view across jurisdictions.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T09:27:00.000Z

- What is a Fund of Funds?
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/fund-of-funds
  Summary: How a fund of funds works: an LP buys a stake in a fund that holds many PE or venture funds — the diversification math, the double fee load, and when it makes sense.
  Last modified: 2026-09-23T00:03:00.000Z

- Rothschild & Co Wealth Management UK: Family Financial Dynasty + M&A Advisory for Founder-Led UHNW
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/rothschild-co
  Summary: Rothschild & Co Wealth Management UK: strength lies in the Global Advisory + Wealth combination for founder-led UHNW. Who it suits and selection logic.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T05:28:00.000Z

- J.P. Morgan Private Bank UK: US-origin UHNW in London — investment banking expertise and £10M+ entry
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/jpmorgan-private-bank-uk
  Summary: J.P. Morgan Private Bank UK: London UHNW hub with GBP10M+ threshold, investment-bank integration, UK regulation and client selection.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T19:46:00.000Z

- C. Hoare & Co: UK's Oldest Family Bank Since 1672 — 12 Generations of One Family
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/c-hoare-co
  Summary: C. Hoare & Co, Britain's oldest private bank since 1672: who it suits, entry thresholds, family ownership and client selection logic.
  Last modified: 2026-09-02T18:43:00.000Z

- El Salvador: Bitcoin and Freedom Visa
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/el-salvador-bitcoin
  Summary: Bitcoin in El Salvador after the IMF deal and the Freedom Visa program: citizenship for $1 million in BTC or USDT, limits, and status as of 2026.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:20:00.000Z

- Barclays Premier and Private Bank: UK Banking Services and Eligibility
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/barclays-premier
  Summary: Barclays Premier (from £75k) and Barclays Private Bank for UHNW: tiers, thresholds, and structure after UK ring-fencing 2019. Who suits this British premium bank.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T17:12:00.000Z

- HSBC UK Premier and HSBC UK Private Banking: £100k Entry and Path to UHNW Tiers
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/hsbc-uk-premier
  Summary: HSBC UK Premier and Private Banking: GBP100k entry, UHNW path, PRA/FCA ring-fenced entity, FSCS protection and access rules.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T19:47:00.000Z

- Coutts & Co: British Private Bank Since 1692, Part of NatWest Group
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/coutts
  Summary: Coutts & Co: UK private bank since 1692, part of NatWest Group, PRA/FCA regulated, FSCS £120,000. Relationship fees, services, FIG regime and trust-services sanctions.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:43:00.000Z

- Mirabaud & Cie SA: Boutique Partnership Geneva Private Bank Since 1819 and Private Wealth Management
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/mirabaud-private-bank
  Summary: Mirabaud & Cie — Geneva private bank since 1819 and one of Switzerland's few partnership banks. Its niche after the brokerage closure and thresholds for HNW capital.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T05:27:00.000Z

- How National Security Review works
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/national-security-review
  Summary: What national security review actually tests: investor chain, sector, stake and governance rights. CFIUS, UK NSIA and German AWV triggers, filings before closing and post-closing risk.
  Last modified: 2026-10-01T23:51:00.000Z

- Pictet Group: Geneva Partnership Private Bank with 220-Year History and Alternative Investments Expertise
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/pictet-private-bank
  Summary: Pictet Group is a major independent wealth manager with 220 years of history: partnership model, alternative investments and UHNW value.
  Last modified: 2026-09-01T14:31:00.000Z

- Mexico: Residence and Taxes
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/mexico-residence
  Summary: Mexico residence: temporary and permanent status, economic solvency requirements, worldwide income taxation for tax residents, and the center of vital interests test.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T04:18:00.000Z

- Capital Call: mechanics of capital calls in funds
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/capital-calls
  Summary: How a GP draws uncalled commitments from LPs: capital call mechanics, notice periods and default remedies in PE and VC funds, for private-capital investors.
  Last modified: 2026-09-23T01:05:00.000Z

- UBS Global Wealth Management: Swiss Universal Bank After Credit Suisse Acquisition
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/ubs-private-bank
  Summary: UBS is Switzerland's largest bank and global wealth platform after acquiring Credit Suisse. AuM thresholds, service scope, and suitability for UHNW clients.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T21:46:00.000Z

- Costa Rica: Residence and Territorial Tax
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/costa-rica-residence
  Summary: Costa Rica residence: rentista, inversionista and pensionado programs, income and investment thresholds, territorial tax system and path to permanent residence.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T04:58:00.000Z

- South Dakota Dynasty Trust: Taxation of US Citizens Living in the UK
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/us-dynasty-trust-cross-border
  Summary: South Dakota dynasty trust for an American who becomes UK-resident: how Settlements Code, ToAA and s.86/s.87 TCGA collapse deferral, and residence-based IHT from 6 April 2025 reaches trust assets.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T22:55:00.000Z

- Israel: 10-Year Exemption for New Immigrants
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/israel-10-year-exemption
  Summary: Tax benefits for new immigrants to Israel: 10-year exemption on worldwide income, removal of reporting exemption from 2026, and new two-year incentive for olim.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T05:24:00.000Z

- Citizenship of Egypt and Jordan by Investment
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-egypt-jordan
  Summary: How much Egypt and Jordan citizenship by investment costs, what routes are available after the 2025 reform, and why these passports matter for the U.S. E-2 investor visa.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T12:55:00.000Z

- Upstream basis step-up: erasing built-in gain through the older generation, cross-border too
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/upstream-basis-step-up
  Summary: How IRC §1014 resets the basis of inherited assets to date-of-death value, why the step-up reaches a nonresident alien's foreign assets (Rev. Rul. 84-139) and where the §1014(e) one-year rule bites.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:19:00.000Z

- Turkish Citizenship by Investment: $400,000 Threshold and E-2 Visa Access
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/turkey-citizenship-investment
  Summary: Turkey's citizenship by investment program: real estate from $400,000 or assets from $500,000, processing timelines, and Turkish citizens' access to the U.S. E-2 investor visa.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:41:00.000Z

- Malta Citizenship by Exceptional Merit After the EU Court Ruling
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/malta-citizenship-merit
  Summary: On 29 April 2025, the EU Court ruled Malta's investment citizenship scheme unlawful. What remains: merit-based naturalization under Article 10(9) and the 2025 reform.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:23:00.000Z

- Vanuatu Citizenship by Investment: Fastest Passport and EU Visa-Free Revocation
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-vanuatu
  Summary: Vanuatu's program offers one of the world's fastest passports via donation from USD 130,000, but in December 2024 the EU fully revoked visa-free entry to Schengen.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T21:36:00.000Z

- Relocation from Russia: Armenia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, UAE
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/relocation-from-russia
  Summary: Comparison of relocation destinations from Russia: taxes and residence permits in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and UAE, DTAA status after Decree No. 585, and the new Russia–UAE agreement from 2026.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T01:20:00.000Z

- Malta: Cell Companies and the MFSA Licensing Hub
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/malta-cell-companies
  Summary: Cell company is a Maltese corporate structure where multiple segregated cells operate under one license and capital. PCC and ICC models for insurance, funds, and payments.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T20:46:00.000Z

- Mauritius Residence: 15%, Remittance Regime and Visa Routes
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/mauritius-residence
  Summary: Mauritius taxes and residence: 15% rate and Fair Share Contribution, foreign income taxed on remittance, Occupation Permit, Premium Visa and property residence routes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-02T10:30:00.000Z

- Estonian Company (OÜ) and e-Residency: 0% on Retained Earnings and 22/78 on Distribution
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/company-estonia
  Summary: Estonian e-Residency: digital ID, card pickup, OÜ registration within a working day for €265, what it does not give; 0% on retained profit, 22/78 payout.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:23:00.000Z

- Gift Tax and Lifetime Gifting
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/gift-tax-lifetime-gifting
  Summary: Lifetime transfer of assets as an estate planning tool: gift tax, the UK 7-year rule, clawback into forced heirship calculations, and where gifting beats inheritance.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T01:24:00.000Z

- Inheritance Tax: Country-by-Country Map
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/inheritance-tax-map
  Summary: Inheritance tax map for 2026: US and UK estate tax at 40%, French, German, Spanish and Italian rates, zero-tax regimes and situs traps for non-residents.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T13:06:00.000Z

- Recognition of Foreign Trusts: The Hague Convention 1985
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/trust-recognition-hague
  Summary: How civil law countries recognize common law trusts: the 1985 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts, and why foundations are sometimes more convenient than trusts.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T00:39:00.000Z

- The European Certificate of Succession
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/european-certificate-succession
  Summary: A single document proving heir, executor or administrator status across the EU except Denmark and Ireland: the European Certificate of Succession under Regulation 650/2012 — why it matters and how it works.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T05:55:00.000Z

- Domicile, Residence and Citizenship in Succession
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/domicile-residence-succession
  Summary: Three connecting factors that determine succession: domicile (common law), habitual residence (EU) and citizenship. How they differ and affect applicable law and taxes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T22:55:00.000Z

- Singapore Gulf Bank
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-gulf-bank
  Summary: Singapore Gulf Bank is a Bahrain-licensed digital bank for fiat-crypto conversion, custody and 24/7 settlement for digital-economy companies.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T07:43:00.000Z

- Trusts and Inheritance Tax: UK IHT After the 2025 Reform
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/trusts-inheritance-tax
  Summary: How UK inheritance tax (40%) affects trusts and non-residents after the 6 April 2025 reform: transition to residence-based regime, long-term resident 10 of 20 years.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T16:21:00.000Z

- Delaware Series LLC fund
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/series-llc
  Summary: The Delaware Series LLC as a fund and investment-structuring tool: segregated series, liability ring-fencing, and where it fits for US private-capital vehicles.
  Last modified: 2026-09-25T20:42:00.000Z

- Applicable Law to Succession: Brussels IV, Domicile and Lex Rei Sitae
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/succession-applicable-law
  Summary: Which law governs cross-border inheritance: domicile and habitual residence, lex rei sitae for real estate, and choice of nationality law under EU Regulation 650/2012.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T00:14:00.000Z

- Roth abroad: the one US wrapper that survives relocation
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/roth-abroad-treaty
  Summary: Qualified Roth distributions stay tax-free in the UK under Article 17 of the US-UK treaty: FEIE kills contribution room, FTC fixes it, Canada and France differ, §4975 breaks the Thiel play.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T08:26:00.000Z

- BVI and Cayman Incubator Funds: Formation and Regulatory Requirements
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/offshore-fund-incubators
  Summary: BVI offers statutory incubator and approved fund regimes, and Cayman offers limited-investor registration and SPC platforms for emerging managers. Launch quickly with minimal service providers, build track record, then convert to full fund.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:41:00.000Z

- UAE: Fund Management in ADGM and DIFC Under Own and Third-Party Licenses
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uae-fund-manager-adgm-difc
  Summary: How to launch fund management in UAE's ADGM and DIFC: own Category 3C license, regulatory hosting platforms, representative offices, and external fund manager regimes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-28T00:25:00.000Z

- Saint Lucia: Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-st-lucia
  Summary: Saint Lucia citizenship: NEF contribution from USD 240,000, real estate from USD 300,000, or a refundable bond. Residency and genuine-link rules apply from 2026.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:31:00.000Z

- Grenada: Citizenship by Investment and US E-2 Visa
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-grenada
  Summary: Grenada citizenship: NTF contribution from USD 235,000 or real estate from USD 270,000, with unique access to the US E-2 investor visa.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T23:38:00.000Z

- Antigua and Barbuda: Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-antigua
  Summary: Antigua and Barbuda citizenship: NDF contribution from USD 230,000, UWI option for large families, and 5-day presence requirement over 5 years.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T13:53:00.000Z

- St. Kitts and Nevis: Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-st-kitts
  Summary: St. Kitts and Nevis citizenship: SISC contribution from USD 250,000 or real estate from USD 325,000, due diligence and ECCIRA regulator.
  Last modified: 2026-09-23T07:57:00.000Z

- Dominica: Citizenship by Investment (CBI)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/cbi-dominica
  Summary: Dominica citizenship: EDF contribution from USD 200,000 or real estate from USD 200,000, mandatory interview, and ECCIRA regulator. Affordable Caribbean CBI route.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T13:55:00.000Z

- Gibraltar company
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/company-gibraltar
  Summary: Registering a Gibraltar company for international structuring: English common law, GFSC oversight and substance. How UHNW owners use it cross-border.
  Last modified: 2026-10-01T23:51:00.000Z

- Croatia: Digital Nomad Permit
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/croatia-nomad-visa
  Summary: Full 2026 guide to Croatia's digital nomad permit: €3,622.50/month threshold, up to 18 months, foreign employment income exempt from Croatian tax, process, documents, typical mistakes.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T20:35:00.000Z

- Indonesia/Bali: Remote Worker KITAS (E33G)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/indonesia-nomad-visa
  Summary: Remote Worker Visa E33G: requirements, USD 60,000 income threshold, one-year KITAS for Bali, and tax nuances of the 183-day rule.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T17:22:00.000Z

- Third-party ManCo in the EU: AIFM as a Service (Luxembourg, Ireland)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/third-party-manco-eu
  Summary: How third-party ManCo / AIFM-as-a-service works in Luxembourg and Ireland, key providers (Waystone, IQ-EQ, Apex/FundRock, etc.), fund launch requirements and substance rules.
  Last modified: 2026-09-20T20:23:00.000Z

- Card Program: BIN Sponsorship, Issuer-Processor and PayFac vs ISO
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/bin-sponsorship
  Summary: A guide to card programs: BIN sponsorship and issuance under a third-party license, the issuer-processor catalog (Marqeta, Galileo, Lithic, Highnote, Thredd), and acquiring via PayFac or ISO.
  Last modified: 2026-09-26T15:37:00.000Z

- Italy Digital Nomad Visa: For Highly Skilled Remote Workers
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/italy-nomad-visa
  Summary: Italy's nomad visa in 2026: €25–28k income band by consulate, art. 27-quater qualification, no nulla osta, the 8-day Questura window, and taxes — forfettario, impatriati, €300k flat tax.
  Last modified: 2026-09-27T17:18:00.000Z

- Portugal D8: Digital Nomad Visa (Residence and Temporary Stay)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/portugal-d8
  Summary: Full 2026 D8 guide: €3,680/month income, €11,040 savings, temporary stay vs residence, AIMA delays and ação de intimação, IFICI, social security, and the new 10-year citizenship clock.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T06:39:00.000Z

- UBO Registers: From Public Access to "Legitimate Interest"
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/ubo-registers
  Summary: How UBO registers work: FATF R.24/R.25, the 2022 EU Court ruling and AMLD6 legitimate-interest access, UK PSC and ID verification, BVI and Cayman, FinCEN's 2026 final rule, Hong Kong, Singapore, UAE and Switzerland.
  Last modified: 2026-10-03T23:07:00.000Z

- Cyprus Holding: 15% Corporate Tax from 2026, IP Box and Non-Dom Link
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/company-cyprus
  Summary: What changed for Cyprus holdings after the corporate tax increase to 15% from 2026: IP box, dividend exemption, 0% withholding tax and the non-dom link.
  Last modified: 2026-09-30T07:35:00.000Z

- Paraguay: Residence After the 2022 Reform and Territorial Tax
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/paraguay-residence
  Summary: How to obtain Paraguay residence after Law 6984/2022: temporary residence without deposit, investor route from 70,000 USD, and territorial tax with 0% on foreign income.
  Last modified: 2026-10-02T03:25:00.000Z

- Uruguay: Tax Residency and Tax Holidays (2026 Rules)
  URL: https://wiki.private.law/en/uruguay-tax-residency
  Summary: How to obtain Uruguay tax residency after the 2026 reform (Law 20.446): new investment threshold around 2 million USD, 11-year tax holidays, and 12% rate on foreign income.
  Last modified: 2026-09-29T15:29:00.000Z

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