{ "meta": { "id": "question-graph", "title": "Question graph — public questions map", "description": "Canonical questions about private wealth structuring mapped to answer articles (covered / partial / gap). 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"family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-003", "canonical_question": "What is a virtual family office and how does it work?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "fo-basics", "subquestions": "Who coordinates a virtual family office?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-004", "canonical_question": "What is an embedded family office inside a family business?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "fo-basics", "subquestions": "How is an embedded FO different from an SFO?; What conflicts of interest does it create?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-005", "canonical_question": "At what net worth does it make sense to set up a single family office?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "fo-basics", "subquestions": "Is $100 million enough for an SFO?; What is the alternative below that threshold?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-006", "canonical_question": "How many family offices are there in the world and how fast is the market growing?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "fo-basics", "subquestions": "How much wealth do family offices manage globally?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-007", "canonical_question": "What is the difference between a family office and a private bank?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "fo-basics", "subquestions": "When is a private bank enough and when do you need a family office?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-008", "canonical_question": "How much does it cost to run a single family office per year?", "intent": "cost", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "What is the minimum annual budget of an SFO?; What drives the cost up?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-009", "canonical_question": "What is the minimum team a small family office needs?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "Which roles does a small SFO hire first?; What gets outsourced?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-010", "canonical_question": "When should a family move from a multi family office to its own single family office?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "What triggers the switch from MFO to SFO?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-011", "canonical_question": "What does a family office budget consist of — salaries, audit, legal, IT?", "intent": "cost", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "What share of the budget is staff?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-012", "canonical_question": "How much does a multi family office charge and what fee models do MFOs use?", "intent": "cost", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "AUM-based vs retainer fees for MFOs?; What is a typical minimum fee?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-013", "canonical_question": "Which functions should a family office keep in-house and which should it outsource?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "Is investment management usually in-house or delegated?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-014", "canonical_question": "What is family office as a service and who provides it?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "fo-economics", "subquestions": "How does an outsourced family office charge?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-015", "canonical_question": "Which jurisdiction is best for setting up a family office in 2026?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "Why Singapore, UAE and Switzerland lead?; Where does Hong Kong fit?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-016", "canonical_question": "Singapore vs Hong Kong vs UAE vs Switzerland — how to choose a family office jurisdiction?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "Which jurisdiction has a dedicated family office tax regime?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-017", "canonical_question": "What economic substance does a family office need in its jurisdiction?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "What happens if a family office is an empty shell?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "economic-substance", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/economic-substance", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-018", "canonical_question": "How do the principals' citizenship and sanctions exposure affect the choice of family office jurisdiction?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "Does a Russian-connected family face extra bank checks?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-019", "canonical_question": "Where should a family office be located if family members live in different countries?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "How does the family's tax residency map onto the office location?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-020", "canonical_question": "What is the DIFC Family Wealth Centre and what does it offer family offices?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "When did the DIFC family office regime change?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-021", "canonical_question": "Does a family office need a regulatory licence in its home jurisdiction?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "fo-jurisdiction", "subquestions": "When is a family office exempt from licensing?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-022", "canonical_question": "What are the Section 13O conditions for a single family office in Singapore in 2026?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "What AUM is required?; What team is required?; What local spending is required?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-023", "canonical_question": "What is the minimum AUM for Section 13O and can it be reached after applying?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "Was there a grace period to build up AUM?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-024", "canonical_question": "How many investment professionals does a 13O family office need and who qualifies as one?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "Must one investment professional be a non-family member?; Do operations staff count?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-025", "canonical_question": "What is the local investment requirement for a Singapore family office under Section 13O?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "How much must be invested locally — 10% or S$10 million?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-026", "canonical_question": "What is the difference between Section 13O and Section 13U in Singapore?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "Which scheme fits a $30 million family fund?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "section-13o-13u", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/section-13o-13u", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-027", "canonical_question": "What are the Section 13U conditions and who should use the enhanced-tier fund scheme?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "What is the 13U minimum AUM?; Can offshore funds use 13U?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "section-13o-13u", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/section-13o-13u", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-028", "canonical_question": "How does a family office apply for the 13O award from MAS — process and timeline?", "intent": "process", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "What is the MAS Financial Development Department preliminary submission?; How long does approval take?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-029", "canonical_question": "What happens to the 13O exemption if the fund's AUM falls below S$20 million?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "Does the exemption resume when conditions are met again?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-030", "canonical_question": "When do the Singapore 13O and 13U schemes expire and are they expected to be extended?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "What happens to existing awards after 31 December 2029?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "section-13o-13u", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/section-13o-13u", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-031", "canonical_question": "What counts as designated investments for Singapore fund tax exemption schemes?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "Are private equity and crypto designated investments?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "designated-investments", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/designated-investments", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-032", "canonical_question": "What annual declarations must a Singapore family office fund file to keep its 13O award?", "intent": "process", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "What happens if the annual declaration is late?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "mas-fund-annual-declarations", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/mas-fund-annual-declarations", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-033", "canonical_question": "What is Section 13D and when is it better than 13O for a family fund?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "Does 13D require a MAS award?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "section-13d", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/section-13d", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-034", "canonical_question": "Does a Singapore single family office need a fund management licence from MAS?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "sg-13o-13u", "subquestions": "What is the SFO licensing exemption?; When does an SFO need a CMS licence?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "singapore-sfo-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/singapore-sfo-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-035", "canonical_question": "What is the FIHV regime in Hong Kong and how does a family office get 0% profits tax?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "What statute created the FIHV regime?; From which year does it apply?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-036", "canonical_question": "What are the FIHV eligibility conditions — the HK$240 million threshold and 95% family ownership?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "Can more than one family use one FIHV?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-037", "canonical_question": "Which assets and transactions qualify for the FIHV tax concession under Schedule 16C?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "Does the FIHV regime cover private company shares?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-038", "canonical_question": "How does the section 88A advance ruling work for confirming FIHV eligibility?", "intent": "process", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "What is DIPN 31?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-039", "canonical_question": "Is the FIHV concession self-assessed or pre-approved by the Inland Revenue Department?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "How is the 0% rate claimed in the profits tax return?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-040", "canonical_question": "Hong Kong FIHV vs Singapore 13O — which regime is better for a single family office?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "Which regime has a lower asset threshold?; Which demands more local substance?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-fihv-vs-singapore-13o", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-fihv-vs-singapore-13o", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-041", "canonical_question": "What substance must a Hong Kong family office show to keep the FIHV concession?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "hk-fihv", "subquestions": "How many employees must the SFO have in Hong Kong?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/hong-kong-family-office-fihv", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-042", "canonical_question": "How does the DIFC family office regime work after the Family Arrangements Regulations 2024?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uae-difc", "subquestions": "What did the 2024 Regulations replace?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "difc-family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/difc-family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-043", "canonical_question": "What is the minimum wealth to set up a family office in DIFC?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "uae-difc", "subquestions": "Does the $50 million threshold include real estate and operating business?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "difc-family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/difc-family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-044", "canonical_question": "Does a DIFC single family office need a DFSA licence?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uae-difc", "subquestions": "What activities can a DIFC SFO perform without financial licensing?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "difc-family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/difc-family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-045", "canonical_question": "DIFC vs ADGM for a family office — what is the difference?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "uae-difc", "subquestions": "Does ADGM have a dedicated family office regime?; How do the USD 50 million DIFC and USD 10 million ADGM wealth gates compare?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "difc-family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/difc-family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-046", "canonical_question": "Is a UAE family foundation tax-transparent and what is Ministerial Decision No. 261 of 2024?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uae-difc", "subquestions": "When does a UAE foundation pay 0% corporate tax?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "difc-family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/difc-family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-047", "canonical_question": "What tax filings does a US-connected family office run throughout the year?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "us-tax", "subquestions": "What is the family office compliance calendar?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "us-family-office-tax", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/us-family-office-tax", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-048", "canonical_question": "How do FATCA, FBAR and Form 8938 differ for a family office's foreign accounts?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "us-tax", "subquestions": "Which filing goes to FinCEN and which attaches to the tax return?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "fatca-fbar-form-8938", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/fatca-fbar-form-8938", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-049", "canonical_question": "How do the US CFC rules and the 2026 NCTI recast affect family holding companies?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "us-tax", "subquestions": "What changed from GILTI to NCTI in 2026?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "us-cfc", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/us-cfc", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-050", "canonical_question": "What is Form 3520 and when must a US family file it for foreign trusts?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "us-tax", "subquestions": "What are the penalties for late Form 3520?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "us-foreign-trusts-form-3520", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/us-foreign-trusts-form-3520", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-051", "canonical_question": "Which banks open accounts for a single family office with US persons?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "us-tax", "subquestions": "Which banks in Hong Kong and Singapore accept US-person family offices?; What FATCA file do they expect?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "us-citizens-banking-abroad", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/us-citizens-banking-abroad", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-052", "canonical_question": "What is an ownership map and why does a US-connected family office maintain one?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "us-tax", "subquestions": "What goes into the family office document vault?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "us-family-office-tax", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/us-family-office-tax", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-053", "canonical_question": "What records must a UK family office keep to evidence residence, source and treaty positions?", "intent": "requirements", "cluster": "uk-tax", "subquestions": "Why is the day count itself evidence after April 2025?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "uk-family-office-records", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/uk-family-office-records", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-054", "canonical_question": "How does the four-year foreign income and gains relief work for a family moving to the UK?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uk-tax", "subquestions": "Who qualifies for the FIG regime?; What happens after the four years?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "uk-fig-regime", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/uk-fig-regime", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-055", "canonical_question": "What changed for UK non-doms from 6 April 2025 — is the remittance basis gone?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uk-tax", "subquestions": "What is the Temporary Repatriation Facility?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "uk-non-dom-2025", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/uk-non-dom-2025", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-056", "canonical_question": "When does a mobile family fall within UK inheritance tax on worldwide assets?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uk-tax", "subquestions": "What is the long-term resident test for IHT?; How long does IHT exposure trail departure?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "inheritance-tax-map", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/inheritance-tax-map", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-057", "canonical_question": "What offshore account data does HMRC already receive about a family office's clients?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "uk-tax", "subquestions": "How must the tax return match CRS data?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "uk-crs-fatca-hmrc-data", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/uk-crs-fatca-hmrc-data", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-058", "canonical_question": "What is a family charter and what should it include?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "governance-succession", "subquestions": "What is the three-circle model of family business?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-charter", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-charter", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-059", "canonical_question": "Is a family charter legally binding?", "intent": "regulation", "cluster": "governance-succession", "subquestions": "How is a family charter enforced?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-charter", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-charter", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-060", "canonical_question": "How does a family holding company simplify inheritance across several countries?", "intent": "decision", "cluster": "governance-succession", "subquestions": "What is the foundation → holding → assets architecture?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "family-holding-succession", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-holding-succession", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-061", "canonical_question": "Trust vs private foundation for a family office — which should a family choose?", "intent": "comparison", "cluster": "governance-succession", "subquestions": "Which works better under forced heirship?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "private-foundations", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/private-foundations", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-062", "canonical_question": "What is a private trust company and when does a family need one?", "intent": "definition", "cluster": "governance-succession", "subquestions": "Who sits on the board of a PTC?", "status": "covered", "answer_slug": "ptc", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/ptc", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-063", "canonical_question": "How should a family office prepare heirs to take over the capital?", "intent": "process", "cluster": "governance-succession", "subquestions": "What education and admission rules do families set for heirs?", "status": "partial", "answer_slug": "family-office", "target_capsule_url": "https://wiki.private.law/en/family-office", "locale": "en" }, { "question_id": "Q-FO-064", "canonical_question": "What is the great 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