{
  "meta": {
    "id": "entity-registry",
    "title": "wiki.private.law entity registry",
    "description": "Canonical private-wealth entities (concepts, regimes, structures) with EN/RU labels, canonical English definitions, aliases and source articles. Records carrying unverified attributes are flagged verification_pending.",
    "version": "v1-db3bba2c53832e6c76366babe154046201b2eab9640445096ba0873525ac9d9a",
    "records": 82,
    "generated_from": "registries/ (wiki-engine, CONTENT W0)",
    "site": "https://wiki.private.law"
  },
  "records": [
    {
      "entity_id": "family-office",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Family office",
      "label_ru": "Семейный офис",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A family office is a private organisation that manages the investments, administration and long-term affairs of one or several wealthy families, outside traditional retail wealth management.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "FO",
        "семейный офис",
        "family wealth office"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "FO",
        "cluster_role": "flagship_vertical"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "private-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "single-family-office",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Single family office (SFO)",
      "label_ru": "Односемейный офис (SFO)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A single family office is a family office that serves one family exclusively, with staff, systems and governance dedicated to that family's assets and affairs.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "SFO",
        "single-family office"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "SFO"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "subtype_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "multi-family-office",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "fihv-hong-kong",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13o",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "multi-family-office",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Multi family office (MFO)",
      "label_ru": "Мультисемейный офис (MFO)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A multi family office is a family office that provides shared investment management, reporting and administrative services to multiple unrelated families, pooling infrastructure and costs.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "MFO",
        "multi-family office"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "MFO"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "subtype_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "single-family-office",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "virtual-family-office",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "virtual-family-office",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Virtual family office (VFO)",
      "label_ru": "Виртуальный семейный офис (VFO)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A virtual family office is a family office model in which a small core team coordinates outsourced providers — banks, asset managers, lawyers and tax advisers — instead of employing full in-house staff.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "VFO",
        "outsourced family office"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "VFO"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "subtype_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "single-family-office",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "embedded-family-office",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Embedded family office",
      "label_ru": "Встроенный семейный офис",
      "canonical_definition_en": "An embedded family office is a family office that operates inside a family-owned operating business, using the company's staff, legal and finance functions to manage the family's private wealth.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "embedded FO",
        "family office within a business"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "subtype_of"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "jurisdiction-stack",
      "entity_type": "strategy",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Jurisdiction stack",
      "label_ru": "Стек юрисдикций",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A jurisdiction stack is a deliberate combination of jurisdictions assigned to different layers of one person's or family's life — residence, citizenship, assets, structures and income — designed as a single coordinated system.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "стек юрисдикций",
        "компот юрисдикций",
        "jurisdiction mix"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "coined_by": "wiki.private.law",
        "cluster_role": "flagship_ontology_term"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "five-flags-theory",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "five-flags"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "five-flags-theory",
      "entity_type": "strategy",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Five flags theory",
      "label_ru": "Теория пяти флагов",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Five flags theory is a diversification strategy, attributed to Harry Schultz, proposing that a person spread citizenship, residence, business base, assets and lifestyle across five different jurisdictions to reduce dependence on any single state.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "flag theory",
        "пять флагов",
        "five flags"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "attributed_to": "Harry Schultz"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "jurisdiction-stack",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "citizenship-by-investment",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "golden-visa",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "five-flags"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "tax-residency",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Tax residency",
      "label_ru": "Налоговое резидентство",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Tax residency is the legal status that determines in which state a person or entity is liable to tax on worldwide income, usually decided by physical presence, home, economic ties or statutory tests.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "tax residence",
        "fiscal residency",
        "налоговое резидентство"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "jurisdiction-stack",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "double-tax-treaty",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "cfc-rules",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-residency-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "183-day-rule",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "183-day rule",
      "label_ru": "Правило 183 дней",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The 183-day rule is a common test under which an individual becomes tax resident in a state after spending 183 days or more there in a tax year, though many countries apply different or additional criteria.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "183 days",
        "physical presence test",
        "правило 183 дней"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "threshold_days": 183
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "nowhere-resident-myth",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-residency-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "centre-of-vital-interests",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Centre of vital interests",
      "label_ru": "Центр жизненных интересов",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Centre of vital interests is a tax-treaty tie-breaker that assigns an individual resident in both contracting states to the state with which their personal and economic relations are closer.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "CVI",
        "center of vital interests",
        "центр жизненных интересов"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "treaty_basis": "OECD Model Tax Convention, Art. 4(2)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "double-tax-treaty",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-residency-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "nowhere-resident-myth",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "\"Nowhere resident\" myth",
      "label_ru": "Миф о «резиденте нигде»",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The \"nowhere resident\" myth is the mistaken belief that a person can structure their life so as to be tax resident nowhere; in practice states apply their own tests, so mobility usually shifts residency rather than abolishing it.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "tax nomad myth",
        "resident nowhere",
        "резидент нигде"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "myth_status": "debunked"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "183-day-rule",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-residency-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "double-tax-treaty",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Double tax treaty (DTT)",
      "label_ru": "Соглашение об избежании двойного налогообложения (СИДН)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A double tax treaty is a bilateral treaty allocating taxing rights between two states over the same income, using residence tie-breakers, reduced withholding rates and credits or exemptions to prevent double taxation.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "DTT",
        "DTA",
        "double taxation agreement",
        "СИДН",
        "tax treaty"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "model": "OECD Model Tax Convention"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "centre-of-vital-interests",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-residency-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "trust",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Trust",
      "label_ru": "Траст",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A trust is a legal arrangement in which a settlor transfers assets to a trustee, who holds and manages them for the benefit of beneficiaries under a trust deed, separating legal ownership from beneficial enjoyment.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "common-law trust",
        "траст"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "legal_family": "common law"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "foundation",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "forced-heirship",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "trust-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "settlor",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Settlor",
      "label_ru": "Учредитель траста (сеттлор)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A settlor is the person who creates a trust by transferring assets into it and defining its terms.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "grantor",
        "trustor",
        "сеттлор"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "role_of": "trust"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "role_in"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "trust-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "trustee",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Trustee",
      "label_ru": "Доверительный собственник (трасти)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A trustee is the person or licensed institution that holds legal title to trust assets and administers them in the interests of the beneficiaries, owing fiduciary duties.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "трасти",
        "доверительный управляющий"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "role_of": "trust"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "role_in"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "trust-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "beneficiary",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Beneficiary",
      "label_ru": "Бенефициар траста",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A beneficiary is the person or class of persons entitled to benefit from the income or capital of a trust.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "бенефициар",
        "cestui que trust"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "role_of": "trust"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "role_in"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "trust-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "protector",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Protector",
      "label_ru": "Протектор траста",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A protector is an optional office-holder in a trust who oversees the trustee and typically holds reserved powers such as consent to distributions or trustee replacement.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "протектор",
        "trust protector"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "role_of": "trust"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "role_in"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "trust-basics"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "foundation",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Foundation",
      "label_ru": "Фонд (foundation)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A foundation is a civil-law legal entity without owners, created by a founder's endowment and managed by a council for purposes set out in its charter, often used for wealth holding and succession.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "private foundation",
        "частный фонд"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "legal_family": "civil law"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-foundations"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "liechtenstein-stiftung",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Liechtenstein Stiftung",
      "label_ru": "Лихтенштейнский Stiftung",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Liechtenstein Stiftung is a private-benefit foundation under Liechtenstein's Persons and Companies Act (PGR, in force 1926), a separate legal entity without shareholders used for asset holding and succession.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "liechtenstein"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Stiftung",
        "Liechtenstein foundation"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "PGR (Personen- und Gesellschaftsrecht), 1926"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "foundation",
          "relation_type": "variant_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "panama-private-interest-foundation",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-foundations"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "panama-private-interest-foundation",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Panama Private Interest Foundation",
      "label_ru": "Панамский фонд частных интересов",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Panama Private Interest Foundation is an ownerless legal entity under Panamanian Law 25 of 1995, managed by a foundation council for private beneficiaries and commonly used in estate planning.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "panama"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Panama foundation",
        "PIF",
        "fundación de interés privado"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Law 25 of 1995 (Panama)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "foundation",
          "relation_type": "variant_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "liechtenstein-stiftung",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-foundations"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "vcc-singapore",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Variable Capital Company (VCC)",
      "label_ru": "VCC (Variable Capital Company)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Variable Capital Company is a Singapore corporate fund structure launched in 2020 that allows an umbrella fund with legally segregated sub-funds and flexible share capital.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "VCC",
        "Singapore VCC"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Variable Capital Companies Act 2018",
        "launch_year": 2020,
        "regulator": "ACRA / MAS"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13o",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13u",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vcfm-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "cayman-spc",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-fund-singapore",
        "funds"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "section-13o",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Section 13O",
      "label_ru": "Схема Section 13O",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Section 13O is a Singapore tax exemption scheme for onshore funds managed by Singapore-based fund managers, exempting specified investment income subject to minimum assets, local spending and staffing conditions.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "13O",
        "Section 13R",
        "13O scheme",
        "Singapore onshore fund exemption"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13u",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vcc-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "fihv-hong-kong",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-fund-singapore",
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": true
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "section-13u",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Section 13U",
      "label_ru": "Схема Section 13U",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Section 13U is Singapore's enhanced-tier fund tax exemption, available to larger onshore or offshore funds managed in Singapore, with higher minimum-asset, spending and professional-staffing requirements than Section 13O.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "13U",
        "Section 13X",
        "13U scheme",
        "enhanced-tier fund exemption"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13o",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vcc-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-fund-singapore",
        "family-office"
      ],
      "verification_pending": true
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "fihv-hong-kong",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "FIHV regime (Hong Kong)",
      "label_ru": "Режим FIHV (Гонконг)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The FIHV regime is Hong Kong's profits-tax concession for family-owned investment holding vehicles managed by eligible single family offices in Hong Kong, taxing qualifying investment profits at 0% subject to asset and activity thresholds.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "hong-kong"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "FIHV",
        "family-owned investment holding vehicle",
        "HK family office tax concession"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13o",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "single-family-office",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "family-office",
        "hong-kong-hub"
      ],
      "verification_pending": true
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "cayman-elp",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Cayman Exempted Limited Partnership (ELP)",
      "label_ru": "Cayman ELP",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Cayman Exempted Limited Partnership is a Cayman Islands partnership without separate legal personality, managed by a general partner and widely used as a private fund vehicle.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "cayman"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "ELP",
        "Cayman ELP",
        "exempted limited partnership"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Exempted Limited Partnership Act (as revised)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vcc-singapore",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "spv",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "funds"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "cayman-spc",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Cayman Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)",
      "label_ru": "Cayman SPC",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Cayman Segregated Portfolio Company is a single Cayman Islands legal entity that creates statutorily ring-fenced segregated portfolios, each with separate assets and liabilities.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "cayman"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "SPC",
        "segregated portfolio company"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Companies Act (as revised), Part XIV"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vcc-singapore",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "funds"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "spv",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Special purpose vehicle (SPV)",
      "label_ru": "SPV (компания специального назначения)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A special purpose vehicle is a legal entity created to hold specific assets or risks in isolation from its sponsor, typically for securitisation, co-investment or single-deal structuring.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "SPV",
        "special purpose entity",
        "SPE",
        "проектная компания"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "SPV"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "holding-structure",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "spv"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "holding-structure",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Holding structure",
      "label_ru": "Холдинговая структура",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A holding structure is a corporate topology in which a parent company holds shares in subsidiaries, used to consolidate control, isolate risks and route dividends across jurisdictions.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "holding company",
        "холдинг",
        "holdco"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "typical_hubs": [
          "netherlands",
          "luxembourg",
          "cyprus",
          "singapore",
          "uae"
        ]
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "spv",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "offshore-company",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "holding-structures"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "cfc-rules",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "CFC rules",
      "label_ru": "Правила КИК (CFC)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "CFC rules are anti-deferral rules that attribute undistributed income of a foreign company controlled by residents to those residents, taxing them currently on certain passive or tainted income.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "CFC",
        "controlled foreign company",
        "КИК",
        "controlled foreign corporation"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "CFC",
        "expansion": "controlled foreign company"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "crs",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "crs",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Common Reporting Standard (CRS)",
      "label_ru": "CRS (Общий стандарт отчётности)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The Common Reporting Standard is an OECD framework under which financial institutions identify account holders' tax residencies and automatically exchange account information with other participating states each year.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "CRS",
        "automatic exchange of information",
        "AEOI",
        "автообмен"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "body": "OECD",
        "first_exchanges_year": 2017,
        "expansion": "Common Reporting Standard"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "fatca",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "ubo-register",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-transparency"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "fatca",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "FATCA",
      "label_ru": "FATCA",
      "canonical_definition_en": "FATCA is the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2010, requiring foreign financial institutions to report accounts of US persons to the IRS, backed by withholding on non-compliant institutions.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "usa"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "FATCA",
        "ФАТКА"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "year": 2010,
        "extraterritorial": true,
        "expansion": "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "crs",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-transparency"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "pillar-two",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Pillar Two",
      "label_ru": "Второй компонент (Pillar Two)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Pillar Two is the OECD/G20 global minimum tax ensuring that multinational groups with revenue of at least €750 million pay an effective rate of at least 15% in every jurisdiction of operation, via top-up taxes.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Pillar Two",
        "GloBE",
        "global minimum tax",
        "глобальный минимальный налог"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "min_revenue_eur": 750000000,
        "min_rate_pct": 15,
        "framework": "OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework (GloBE)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "ip-box",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "ubo-register",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "UBO register",
      "label_ru": "Реестр бенефициарных владельцев",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A UBO register is a register of ultimate beneficial owners — the natural persons who ultimately own or control a legal entity — maintained for transparency and anti-money-laundering purposes.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "beneficial ownership register",
        "UBO",
        "реестр бенефициаров"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "UBO"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "crs",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "offshore-company",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "tax-transparency"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "ip-box",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "IP box",
      "label_ru": "IP box",
      "canonical_definition_en": "An IP box is a preferential tax regime that applies a reduced rate to qualifying income from intellectual property, increasingly conditioned on local R&D activity under the OECD nexus approach.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "eu"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "patent box",
        "innovation box",
        "IP box regime"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "oecd_basis": "BEPS Action 5 (nexus approach)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "pillar-two",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "ip-box"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "beckham-regime",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Beckham regime (Spain)",
      "label_ru": "Режим Бекхэма (Испания)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The Beckham regime is Spain's special inbound-expatriate tax regime allowing qualifying new residents to be taxed mainly on Spanish-source income at flat rates for a limited period instead of worldwide progressive taxation.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "spain"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Ley Beckham",
        "Beckham law",
        "режим Бекхэма"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "uk-non-dom-fig",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "italy-flat-tax",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "spain-hub",
        "special-tax-regimes"
      ],
      "verification_pending": true
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "uk-non-dom-fig",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "UK non-dom / FIG regime",
      "label_ru": "UK non-dom / режим FIG",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The UK regime for internationally mobile residents: the non-domiciled remittance basis was abolished from 6 April 2025 and replaced by a 4-year exemption for foreign income and gains (FIG) for qualifying new arrivals.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "uk"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "non-dom",
        "remittance basis",
        "FIG regime",
        "нон-дом"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "former_regime": "non-dom remittance basis",
        "new_regime": "FIG (foreign income and gains), 4 years",
        "effective_from": "2025-04-06"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "beckham-regime",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "italy-flat-tax",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "uk-tax-residence-worldwide-taxation",
        "special-tax-regimes"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "italy-flat-tax",
      "entity_type": "regime",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Italy flat tax for new residents",
      "label_ru": "Флэт-такс Италии",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Italy's flat tax is a substitute-tax regime for new residents taxing all foreign-source income at a fixed annual amount (€200,000 for applicants from August 2024) instead of ordinary progressive rates.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "italy"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Italian flat tax",
        "regime forfetario per neo-residenti",
        "imposta sostitutiva",
        "флэт-такс"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "uk-non-dom-fig",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "beckham-regime",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "special-tax-regimes"
      ],
      "verification_pending": true
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "golden-visa",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Golden visa",
      "label_ru": "«Золотая виза»",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A golden visa is a residence-by-investment programme granting a residence permit in exchange for a qualifying investment such as real estate, fund units or government contributions.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "RBI",
        "residence by investment",
        "золотая виза",
        "ВНЖ за инвестиции"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "category": "residence by investment (RBI)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "permanent-residence",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "citizenship-by-investment",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "golden-visas"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "citizenship-by-investment",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Citizenship by investment (CBI)",
      "label_ru": "Гражданство за инвестиции (CBI)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Citizenship by investment is a programme granting citizenship and a passport directly in exchange for a qualifying investment or contribution, without prior long-term residence.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "dominica",
        "malta",
        "turkey"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "CBI",
        "economic citizenship",
        "гражданство за инвестиции"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "category": "CBI",
        "caribbean_programs": [
          "antigua-and-barbuda",
          "dominica",
          "grenada",
          "st-kitts-and-nevis",
          "st-lucia"
        ]
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "golden-visa",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "passport-index",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "five-flags-theory",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "citizenship-by-investment"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "digital-nomad-visa",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Digital nomad visa",
      "label_ru": "Виза цифрового кочевника",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A digital nomad visa is a residence permit category for remote workers earning income from abroad, usually with income thresholds and limited or no access to the local labour market.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "DNV",
        "nomad visa",
        "виза номада",
        "remote work visa"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "DNV",
        "hub_coverage_note": "хаб wiki охватывает 50+ стран (по wiki_content_map.json, 2026-07-19)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "golden-visa",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "digital-nomad-visas"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "permanent-residence",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Permanent residence",
      "label_ru": "Постоянное резидентство (ПМЖ)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Permanent residence is an immigration status granting an indefinite right to live in a country without citizenship, usually conditional on physical presence and continued compliance.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "PR",
        "permanent residency",
        "ПМЖ",
        "settlement status"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "PR"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "golden-visa",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "golden-visas"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "passport-index",
      "entity_type": "metric",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Passport index",
      "label_ru": "Паспортный индекс",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A passport index is a ranking of passports by travel mobility — the number of destinations accessible without a prior visa — used as a proxy for the practical utility of a citizenship.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "passport ranking",
        "паспортный индекс",
        "visa-free score"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "metric_dimension": "visa-free / visa-on-arrival destinations"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "citizenship-by-investment",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "five-flags-theory",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "five-flags",
        "citizenship-by-investment"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "lombard-credit",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Lombard credit",
      "label_ru": "Ломбардный кредит",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Lombard credit is a secured credit facility extended by a private bank against pledged liquid assets such as securities, with the loan-to-value ratio set by the collateral's risk profile.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "lombard loan",
        "securities-backed lending",
        "ломбардный кредит"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "product_class": "secured lending"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "private-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-banking"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "ppli",
      "entity_type": "vehicle",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Private placement life insurance (PPLI)",
      "label_ru": "PPLI (частное страхование жизни)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Private placement life insurance is a unit-linked life insurance policy used as a tax-efficient wrapper holding a customised investment portfolio, combining investment control with insurance-law treatment.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "PPLI",
        "insurance wrapper",
        "страховая обёртка"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "PPLI",
        "typical_jurisdictions": [
          "luxembourg",
          "singapore",
          "bermuda"
        ]
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "universal-life",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "premium-financing",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "ppli",
        "life-insurance-succession"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "universal-life",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Universal life insurance",
      "label_ru": "Универсальное страхование жизни (Universal Life)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Universal life is a permanent life insurance product with flexible premiums and an internal cash-value account credited with interest or linked to indices, used in protection and estate planning.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "UL",
        "universal life",
        "юниверсал лайф"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "product_class": "permanent life insurance"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "ppli",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "premium-financing",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "life-insurance-succession",
        "ppli"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "premium-financing",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Premium financing",
      "label_ru": "Премиум-финансирование",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Premium financing is the practice of borrowing to pay large life insurance premiums, pledging the policy as collateral, to acquire high-cover policies with limited upfront capital.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "premium finance",
        "премиум-финансирование"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "product_class": "insurance financing"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "ppli",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "universal-life",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "lombard-credit",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "ppli",
        "life-insurance-succession"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "succession-planning",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Succession planning",
      "label_ru": "Наследственное планирование",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Succession planning is the organisation of the transfer of wealth, businesses and control across generations, combining wills, trusts, foundations, insurance and governance to manage taxes and forced-heirship constraints.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "estate planning",
        "наследственное планирование",
        "succession"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "cluster_size_articles": 30,
        "cluster_note": "~30 статей + навигаторы Succession/Divorce/Prenup (по wiki_content_map.json)"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "foundation",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "ppli",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-planning"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "forced-heirship",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Forced heirship",
      "label_ru": "Обязательная доля (forced heirship)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Forced heirship is a set of civil-law rules reserving a fixed share of a deceased person's estate to close relatives regardless of the will, limiting testamentary freedom.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "обязательная доля",
        "réserve héréditaire",
        "Pflichtteil",
        "legítima"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "legal_family": "civil law"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "will",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "trust",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-planning"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "will",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Will",
      "label_ru": "Завещание",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A will is a legal declaration by which a person directs the distribution of their estate after death, effective only upon death and revocable during lifetime.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "testament",
        "last will",
        "завещание"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "forced-heirship",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-planning"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "prenup",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Prenuptial agreement",
      "label_ru": "Брачный договор (пренуп)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A prenuptial agreement is a contract concluded before marriage defining the spouses' property regime and the division of assets upon divorce or death.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "prenup",
        "marriage contract",
        "брачный договор"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "succession-planning",
          "relation_type": "component_of"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-planning"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "private-banking",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Private banking",
      "label_ru": "Частный банкинг",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Private banking is a segment of banking and investment services for high-net-worth clients, combining discretionary and advisory portfolio management with credit, deposits and wealth structuring.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "private wealth management",
        "частный банкинг",
        "private banking"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "source-of-funds",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "source-of-wealth",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "lombard-credit",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "family-office",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-banking",
        "banks"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "source-of-funds",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Source of funds (SoF)",
      "label_ru": "Происхождение средств (SoF)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Source of funds is an AML/KYC concept meaning the documented origin of the specific money involved in a transaction or account relationship.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "SoF",
        "происхождение средств"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "SoF",
        "domain": "AML/KYC"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "source-of-wealth",
          "relation_type": "paired_with"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "private-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-banking"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "source-of-wealth",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Source of wealth (SoW)",
      "label_ru": "Происхождение капитала (SoW)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Source of wealth is an AML/KYC concept meaning the documented origin of a client's overall wealth — how the fortune was accumulated over time.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "SoW",
        "происхождение капитала",
        "происхождение богатства"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "abbreviation": "SoW",
        "domain": "AML/KYC"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "source-of-funds",
          "relation_type": "paired_with"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "private-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-banking"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "correspondent-banking",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Correspondent banking",
      "label_ru": "Корреспондентский банкинг",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Correspondent banking is the provision of accounts and payment services by one bank to another, enabling cross-border payments through nostro and vostro account networks.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "nostro/vostro",
        "корсчёта",
        "correspondent accounts"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "safeguarding",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "cips",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "correspondent-banking-safeguarding"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "safeguarding",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Safeguarding",
      "label_ru": "Сегрегация средств клиентов (safeguarding)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Safeguarding is the regulatory duty of payment and e-money institutions to isolate client funds from their own — via segregated accounts or insurance — so that funds are protected on insolvency.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "safeguarding account",
        "сегрегированный счёт",
        "client funds segregation"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "origin_framework": "EU PSD2 / UK EMR & PSR"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "emi-eu-uk",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "correspondent-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "neobank",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "correspondent-banking-safeguarding"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "neobank",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Neobank",
      "label_ru": "Необанк",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A neobank is a digital-first financial institution operating without branch networks, holding its own banking, e-money or payment licence or partnering with a licensed institution.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "challenger bank",
        "digital bank",
        "необанк"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "emi-eu-uk",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "safeguarding",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "neobanks"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "cips",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "CIPS",
      "label_ru": "CIPS (юаневая платёжная система)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "CIPS is China's Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, launched in 2015, providing clearing and settlement infrastructure for international renminbi payments.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "china"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "CIPS",
        "юаневый клиринг",
        "RMB cross-border payment system"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "launch_year": 2015,
        "operator": "People's Bank of China",
        "expansion": "Cross-Border Interbank Payment System"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "correspondent-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "china-payments",
        "chinese-banks"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "puerto-rico-ife",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Puerto Rico International Financial Entity (IFE)",
      "label_ru": "IFE Пуэрто-Рико",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Puerto Rico International Financial Entity is a financial institution licensed under Act 273 of 2012 and supervised by OCIF, providing banking services primarily to non-residents at a preferential local tax rate.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "puerto-rico"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "IFE",
        "Puerto Rico IFE",
        "Act 273 bank"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Act 273 of 2012",
        "regulator": "OCIF",
        "income_tax_rate_pct": 4
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "correspondent-banking",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "puerto-rico-banks"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "aifc-kazakhstan",
      "entity_type": "jurisdiction",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)",
      "label_ru": "МФЦА (AIFC)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The Astana International Financial Centre is a financial free zone in Astana operating under English common law with its own court and regulator (AFSA), offering a common-law platform inside Kazakhstan.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "kazakhstan"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "AIFC",
        "МФЦА",
        "Astana financial centre"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "regulator": "AFSA",
        "legal_system": "English common law",
        "operational_since": 2018
      },
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "kazakhstan-hub"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "offshore-company",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Offshore company",
      "label_ru": "Оффшорная компания",
      "canonical_definition_en": "An offshore company is a company incorporated in a jurisdiction where its owners are not resident and where it conducts no substantial local business, used for holding, trading or structuring purposes.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "offshore",
        "оффшор",
        "IBC"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "register_note": "разговорный термин, не юридическая категория"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "holding-structure",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "substance",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "ubo-register",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "offshore-companies",
        "holding-structures"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "substance",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Economic substance",
      "label_ru": "Экономическое присутствие (substance)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Economic substance is the requirement that a company have real economic presence — local directors, decision-making, staff, premises and expenditure — in its jurisdiction of incorporation or claimed tax residence.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "substance",
        "сабстанс",
        "экономическое содержание"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "drivers": [
          "BEPS",
          "EU fair taxation",
          "ESR regimes"
        ]
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "tax-residency",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "cfc-rules",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "holding-structure",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "mso-hong-kong",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Money Service Operator licence (Hong Kong)",
      "label_ru": "Лицензия MSO (Гонконг)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Money Service Operator licence is a Hong Kong authorisation under the AMLO (Cap. 615), issued by the Commissioner of Customs and Excise, permitting money changing and remittance services.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "hong-kong"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "MSO",
        "MSO licence",
        "money service operator"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "AMLO, Cap. 615",
        "regulator": "Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "mpi-singapore",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "msb",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "msb-psp-canada",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map",
        "hong-kong-hub",
        "license-for-rent"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "svf-hong-kong",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Stored Value Facility licence (Hong Kong)",
      "label_ru": "Лицензия SVF (Гонконг)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Stored Value Facility licence is a Hong Kong authorisation under the PSVF Ordinance (Cap. 584), issued by the HKMA, permitting issuance of stored-value products such as e-wallets and prepaid cards.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "hong-kong"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "SVF",
        "SVF licence",
        "stored value facility"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Payment Systems and Stored Value Facilities Ordinance, Cap. 584",
        "regulator": "HKMA"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "emi-eu-uk",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map",
        "hong-kong-hub"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "mpi-singapore",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Major Payment Institution licence (Singapore)",
      "label_ru": "Лицензия MPI (Сингапур)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Major Payment Institution licence is a Singapore authorisation under the Payment Services Act 2019, issued by MAS, permitting payment services above Standard Payment Institution volume thresholds.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "MPI",
        "MPI licence",
        "major payment institution"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Payment Services Act 2019",
        "regulator": "MAS"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "mso-hong-kong",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "dpt-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "msb-psp-canada",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map",
        "singapore-hub"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "dpt-singapore",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Digital Payment Token service licence (Singapore)",
      "label_ru": "Лицензия DPT (Сингапур)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Digital Payment Token service licence is a Singapore authorisation under the Payment Services Act permitting dealing in and exchange of cryptocurrencies and other digital payment tokens.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "DPT",
        "DPT licence",
        "digital payment token"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Payment Services Act 2019",
        "regulator": "MAS"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "mpi-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vasp",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "casp-mica",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map",
        "crypto-private-wealth"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "emi-eu-uk",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Electronic Money Institution licence (EU/UK)",
      "label_ru": "Лицензия EMI (ЕС/UK)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "An Electronic Money Institution licence is an authorisation under the EU E-Money Directive or UK EMR 2011 permitting issuance of electronic money and provision of payment services.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "eu",
        "uk"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "EMI",
        "e-money institution",
        "EMI licence"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute_eu": "Directive 2009/110/EC (EMD2)",
        "statute_uk": "Electronic Money Regulations 2011"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "fca-authorization",
          "relation_type": "regulated_by"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "safeguarding",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "svf-hong-kong",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "neobank",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map",
        "license-for-rent",
        "neobanks"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "fca-authorization",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "FCA authorisation (UK)",
      "label_ru": "Авторизация FCA (UK)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "FCA authorisation is a permission granted by the UK Financial Conduct Authority, the conduct regulator for financial services, required for payment services, e-money issuance and most regulated financial activities in the UK.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "uk"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "FCA",
        "FCA licence",
        "FCA authorization"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "regulator": "Financial Conduct Authority"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "emi-eu-uk",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map",
        "license-for-rent"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "vcfm-singapore",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Venture Capital Fund Manager regime (Singapore)",
      "label_ru": "Режим VCFM (Сингапур)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The VCFM regime is a simplified MAS authorisation in Singapore for managers serving only venture capital funds, with relaxed eligibility, capital and conduct requirements compared with full fund-management licensing.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "singapore"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "VCFM",
        "venture capital fund manager"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "regulator": "MAS",
        "abbreviation": "VCFM"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vcc-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "section-13o",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "private-fund-singapore",
        "fintech-license-map"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "msb-psp-canada",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "MSB / PSP registration (Canada)",
      "label_ru": "MSB/PSP (Канада)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Canadian money services business registration with FINTRAC, paired with payment service provider registration with the Bank of Canada under the Retail Payment Activities Act.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "canada"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "MSB Canada",
        "PSP Canada",
        "FINTRAC MSB",
        "RPAA PSP"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "msb",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "mso-hong-kong",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map"
      ],
      "verification_pending": true
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "casp-mica",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "CASP authorisation under MiCA (EU)",
      "label_ru": "CASP по MiCA (ЕС)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A CASP authorisation is an EU licence for crypto-asset service providers under the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), passportable across the EU for custody, exchange and other crypto-asset services.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "eu"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "CASP",
        "MiCA licence",
        "crypto licence EU"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "statute": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA)",
        "full_application": "2024-12-30",
        "expansion": "crypto-asset service provider"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "vasp",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "dpt-singapore",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "crypto-private-wealth",
        "fintech-license-map"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "vasp",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP)",
      "label_ru": "VASP",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A Virtual Asset Service Provider is the FATF category for businesses that exchange, transfer, safekeep or administer virtual assets, transposed into national licensing and registration regimes.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "VASP",
        "virtual asset service provider"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "body": "FATF",
        "expansion": "virtual asset service provider"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "casp-mica",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "dpt-singapore",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "crypto-private-wealth",
        "fintech-license-map"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "msb",
      "entity_type": "license",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Money Services Business registration (US)",
      "label_ru": "MSB (США)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "US Money Services Business registration with FinCEN under the Bank Secrecy Act, required for money transmission, currency exchange and similar services, alongside state-level money transmitter licences.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "usa"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "MSB",
        "money services business",
        "FinCEN MSB"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "regulator": "FinCEN",
        "statute": "Bank Secrecy Act"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "mso-hong-kong",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "mpi-singapore",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "msb-psp-canada",
          "relation_type": "alternative_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "fintech-license-map"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "matrimonial-property-regime",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Matrimonial property regime",
      "label_ru": "Режим имущества супругов",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A matrimonial property regime is the set of legal rules that governs ownership, management and division of the spouses’ assets during the marriage and on divorce or death — set by default law or altered by a marriage contract.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "global"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "marital property regime",
        "имущественный режим супругов"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "community-property",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        },
        {
          "target_entity_id": "separation-of-property",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "divorce-property-division",
        "prenup-cross-border"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "community-property",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Community of property",
      "label_ru": "Общность имущества (совместная собственность)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Community of property is a matrimonial regime under which assets acquired during the marriage are jointly owned by both spouses regardless of title and divide equally by default on divorce; the default regime in Russia, France, most of Spain, Portugal and Kazakhstan.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "RU",
        "FR",
        "ES",
        "PT",
        "KZ"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "community of acquisitions",
        "совместно нажитое имущество"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "divorce-property-division",
        "prenup-cross-border"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "separation-of-property",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Separation of property",
      "label_ru": "Раздельность имущества",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Separation of property is a matrimonial regime under which each spouse keeps sole ownership of the assets titled to them, with claims limited to contributions or statutory compensation; the default position in the UAE and, with contribution claims, in Cyprus.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "AE",
        "CY"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "separate property regime",
        "раздельная собственность супругов"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "divorce-property-division",
        "prenup-cross-border"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "brussels-ii-ter",
      "entity_type": "legislation",
      "schema_type": "Legislation",
      "label_en": "Brussels II-ter Regulation (EU) 2019/1111",
      "label_ru": "Регламент Brussels II-ter (ЕС) 2019/1111",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 (Brussels II-ter) sets which EU member state’s courts hear divorce, separation and parental-responsibility cases — primarily by the spouses’ habitual residence or common nationality — and makes the resulting judgments recognisable across the EU without separate proceedings.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "EU"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Brussels IIb",
        "Regulation (EU) 2019/1111",
        "Брюссель II-тер"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "celex": "32019R1111"
      },
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "divorce-property-division",
        "prenup-cross-border"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "rome-iii",
      "entity_type": "legislation",
      "schema_type": "Legislation",
      "label_en": "Rome III Regulation (EU) 1259/2010",
      "label_ru": "Регламент Рим III (ЕС) 1259/2010",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 1259/2010 (Rome III) lets spouses in participating EU states agree in writing, in advance, which country’s law governs their divorce or separation, removing the applicable-law uncertainty created by relocations.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "EU"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Regulation (EU) 1259/2010",
        "Рим III"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "celex": "32010R1259"
      },
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "divorce-property-division",
        "prenup-cross-border"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "eu-matrimonial-property-regulation",
      "entity_type": "legislation",
      "schema_type": "Legislation",
      "label_en": "Matrimonial Property Regulation (EU) 2016/1103",
      "label_ru": "Регламент (ЕС) 2016/1103 о режимах имущества супругов",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 determines which law governs the matrimonial property of international couples in participating EU states — by default the law of the first common habitual residence after the wedding — and allows a documented choice of law.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "EU"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Regulation (EU) 2016/1103",
        "EU matrimonial property regimes regulation"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "celex": "32016R1103"
      },
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "prenup-cross-border",
        "divorce-property-division"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "brussels-iv",
      "entity_type": "legislation",
      "schema_type": "Legislation",
      "label_en": "EU Succession Regulation 650/2012 (Brussels IV)",
      "label_ru": "Регламент (ЕС) 650/2012 о наследовании (Brussels IV)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Regulation (EU) 650/2012 (Brussels IV) subjects the whole estate to the law of the deceased’s last habitual residence, lets a testator choose the law of their nationality instead (professio juris), and created the European Certificate of Succession.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "EU"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "Regulation (EU) 650/2012",
        "EU Succession Regulation",
        "Брюссель IV"
      ],
      "attributes": {
        "celex": "32012R0650"
      },
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "european-certificate-succession-entity",
          "relation_type": "related_to"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-applicable-law",
        "european-certificate-succession",
        "forced-heirship"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "european-certificate-succession-entity",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "European Certificate of Succession",
      "label_ru": "Европейское свидетельство о наследовании",
      "canonical_definition_en": "The European Certificate of Succession is a single EU document, created by Regulation 650/2012, that proves the status and rights of heirs, legatees, executors and administrators in every participating member state without further legalisation.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "EU"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "ECS",
        "certificate of succession"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [
        {
          "target_entity_id": "brussels-iv",
          "relation_type": "regulated_by"
        }
      ],
      "source_slugs": [
        "european-certificate-succession",
        "succession-applicable-law"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "probate",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Probate",
      "label_ru": "Пробейт (судебное подтверждение завещания)",
      "canonical_definition_en": "Probate is the common-law court procedure that validates a will and authorises the executor or administrator to collect, manage and distribute the estate; foreign assets in common-law jurisdictions such as England or the US typically cannot be transferred without it.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "GB",
        "US"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "grant of probate",
        "letters of administration",
        "пробация завещания"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-applicable-law",
        "foreign-real-estate-succession",
        "multi-jurisdiction-wills"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    },
    {
      "entity_id": "usufruct",
      "entity_type": "concept",
      "schema_type": "DefinedTerm",
      "label_en": "Usufruct",
      "label_ru": "Узуфрукт",
      "canonical_definition_en": "A usufruct is the civil-law right to use property and take its income while ownership belongs to another — commonly used in continental succession planning to give a surviving spouse lifetime enjoyment of assets that pass to the children.",
      "jurisdiction_scope": [
        "EU"
      ],
      "aliases": [
        "usufructo",
        "usufruit",
        "право пользования и доходов"
      ],
      "attributes": {},
      "relations": [],
      "source_slugs": [
        "succession-applicable-law",
        "foreign-real-estate-succession"
      ],
      "verification_pending": false
    }
  ]
}
