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comprehensive schedule in the Fees module (FER) of the DFSA Rulebook" }, "unit": "USD", "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-21", "expires_at": "2027-01-21", "source": { "name": "DFSA — Fees", "url": "https://www.dfsa.ae/your-resources/regulatory/fees" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-FO-044" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "migration-sg-ep-family-thresholds", "domain": "migration", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "family_sponsorship_min": 6000, "parents_ltvp_min": 12000, "pass_map": { "legally_married_spouse": "Dependant's Pass", "unmarried_children_under_21_incl_adopted": "Dependant's Pass", "common_law_spouse": "Long-Term Visit Pass", "unmarried_handicapped_children_21_plus": "Long-Term Visit Pass", "unmarried_stepchildren_under_21": "Long-Term Visit Pass", "parents": "Long-Term Visit Pass (EP holder earning >=S$12,000 only)" } }, "unit": "SGD", "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-21", "expires_at": "2027-01-21", "source": { "name": "MOM — Passes for families of Employment Pass holders", "url": "https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/employment-pass/passes-for-family" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-027" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-13w-safe-harbour", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "legacy_rule_to_2025_12_31": "exemption for gains on disposal of ordinary shares: divesting company held >=20% of ordinary shares for >=24 continuous months (s.13W(1))", "rule_from_2026_01_01": "ordinary or preference shares (or both): >=20% by count or by paid-up value under applicable accounting principles, >=24 months (s.13W(1A)); group-relief variant s.13W(1B) with 24-month lookback and FIFO (1C)", "carve_outs": "unlisted shares in property-trading/holding/development companies (s.13W(8)(b)/(ba)); disposal by partnerships with corporate partners (8)(c); s.26 insurers", "condition": "information and supporting documents as specified by Comptroller lodged with return (s.13W(2))" }, "unit": null, "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-21", "expires_at": "2027-01-21", "source": { "name": "Singapore Statutes Online — Income Tax Act 1947, s.13W", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ITA1947?ProvIds=pr13W-" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-007" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-cor-process", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "singapore-certificate-of-residence", "value": { "purpose": "proof of Singapore tax residence supplied to a DTA partner's tax authority when claiming treaty benefits", "individual": { "channel": "IRAS profile-specific online application; non-Singpass foreign employees may use the published spreadsheet/email route", "processing": "2–3 weeks", "physical_form_only_if": "an original overseas tax form requires IRAS endorsement" }, "company": { "residence_test": "control and management exercised in Singapore", "channel": "myTax Portal", "processing": "7 working days for online applications; 14 working days for complete written special-case applications", "claim_window": "before claiming treaty benefits and no later than 2 calendar years from actual or expected receipt of the income" } }, "unit": null, "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2027-01-22", "source": { "name": "IRAS — Certificate of Residence routes for companies and individuals", "url": "https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/corporate-income-tax/income-deductions-for-companies/companies-receiving-foreign-income/applying-for-a-certificate-of-residence-tax-reclaim-form" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-014" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "treaty-cn-hk-sg-rates", "domain": "treaty", "jurisdiction": "CN/HK/SG", "entity_ref": "hong-kong-vs-singapore-china-trade", "value": { "mainland_hong_kong": { "dividends": "5% where the qualifying direct holding is at least 25%; 10% otherwise", "interest": "7%", "royalties": "7%; 5% for qualifying aircraft and ship leasing" }, "china_singapore": { "dividends": "5% for a qualifying company holding at least 25%; 10% otherwise", "interest": "7% for qualifying banks and financial institutions; 10% otherwise", "royalties": "10%; equipment royalties taxed on 60% of gross produce an effective 6% ceiling" }, "common_gate": "treaty residence, beneficial ownership and anti-conduit rules must still be met" }, "unit": "rate", "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2027-01-22", "source": { "name": "IRD DIPN 44 / Mainland–Hong Kong Arrangement and IRAS ratified Singapore–China DTA", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/pdf/dipn44.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-CM-003" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "finance-hk-offshore-rmb-hub", "domain": "finance", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": "hong-kong-vs-singapore-china-trade", "value": { "offshore_rmb_transaction_share_approx": 0.75, "share_scope": "offshore RMB transactions, particularly cross-border trade payment and settlement", "rmb_deposits_end_2026_05_billion": 1134.7, "cross_border_trade_settlement_2026_05_billion": 1129.6, "comparison_caveat": "Singapore has functioning RMB clearing and trade-finance rails; the numeric claim verified here is Hong Kong's hub scale, not a guaranteed bank-level onboarding or pricing advantage" }, "unit": "RMB billion / share", "period": "2026-05", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2026-10-22", "source": { "name": "Hong Kong Monetary Authority — offshore RMB business and May 2026 statistics", "url": "https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/speeches/2025/02/20250217-1/" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-CM-003" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-difc-family-office", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "AE", "entity_ref": "difc-family-office", "value": { "instrument": "DIFC Family Arrangements Regulations 2023", "minimum_family_aggregate_net_assets": 50000000, "family_office_licence_fee": 12000, "family_business_register_application_fee": 5000, "private_register_fee": 1000, "single_family_perimeter": "no DFSA financial-services authorisation for services solely to one family; restricted services to more than one family by way of business require DFSA authorisation" }, "unit": "USD", "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2023-01-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2027-01-22", "source": { "name": "DIFC — Family Arrangements Regulations 2023, regulations 4.1.2, 4.3.2, 7.5.1 and Appendix 2", "url": "https://assets.difc.com/v1/media/edge/images/dubaiintern0078-difcexperie96c5-production-3253/media/project/difcexperiences/difc/difcwebsite/documents/familydocs/family_arrangements_regulations_updated_april23.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-FO-042", "Q-FO-043", "Q-FO-044" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-adgm-family-office", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "AE", "entity_ref": "difc-family-office", "value": { "single_family_net_assets_min": 10000000, "single_family_incorporation_fee": 5600, "single_family_annual_renewal_fee": 5300, "single_family_financial_services_permission": false, "multi_family_incorporation_fee": 16800, "multi_family_annual_renewal_fee": 16500, "multi_family_permission": "FSRA Category 4; minimum capital USD 10,000 or expenditure-based capital covering 6/52 of annual expenditure" }, "unit": "USD", "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2027-01-22", "source": { "name": "ADGM — Family Offices", "url": "https://www.adgm.com/business-areas/family-offices" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-FO-045" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-uae-family-foundation-transparency", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "AE", "entity_ref": "difc-family-office", "value": { "instrument": "Ministerial Decision No. 261 of 2024", "effective_from": "2023-06-01", "repeals": "Ministerial Decision No. 127 of 2023", "foundation_treatment": "a qualifying Family Foundation may apply to be treated as a fiscally transparent Unincorporated Partnership under Corporate Tax Law article 17", "owned_entity_extension": "a wholly owned and controlled juridical person may apply for the same treatment if the ownership chain remains uninterrupted through transparent entities and article 17(1) conditions are met", "public_benefit_beneficiary_gate": "relevant income must be non-taxable in the beneficiary's own hands or distributed within 6 months after the tax period" }, "unit": null, "period": "2026-07", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2024-10-28", "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2027-01-22", "source": { "name": "UAE Federal Tax Authority — Ministerial Decision 261/2024 and Family Foundations Guide CTGFF1", "url": "https://tax.gov.ae/Datafolder/Files/Legislation/Corporate%20Tax/Ministerial-Decision-No-261-of-2024-en.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-FO-046" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-us-cfc-income-ordering-2026", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "US", "entity_ref": "cfc-pfic-stacking", "value": { "subpart_f_before_tested_income": "a CFC's tested income excludes income already included as subpart F income", "section_951a_name_from_2026": "net CFC tested income (NCTI)", "name_change_effective": "taxable years beginning after 2025-12-31", "pfic_coordination": "the section 1297(d) overlap remains shareholder- and qualified-period-specific; it does not erase pre-qualified PFIC taint or option-holder rules" }, "unit": null, "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2025-07-04", "verified_at": "2026-07-22", "expires_at": "2027-01-22", "source": { "name": "IRS Form 5471/Form 8621 instructions and Public Law 119-21 section 70323", "url": "https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i5471" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-043" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "treaty-hague-1961-testamentary-form", "domain": "treaty", "jurisdiction": "GLOBAL", "entity_ref": "will", "value": { "convention": "Hague Convention of 5 October 1961 on the Conflicts of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions", "contracting_parties": 42, "entry_into_force": "1964-01-05", "status_table_last_update": "2017-08-15", "note": "HK applies via China continuation (N); Italy and Portugal signed, not ratified" }, "unit": "count", "period": "2026-08", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2017-08-15", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "HCCH — Status table, Convention of 5 October 1961 on Testamentary Form", "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=40" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-025" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-hk-record-keeping-51c", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "statute": "Inland Revenue Ordinance (Cap. 112) s.51C", "retention_years_min": 7, "scope": "books of account and underlying documents (vouchers, bank statements, invoices, receipts) sufficient to trace, explain and verify business transactions", "pamphlet": "IRD — A Guide to Keeping Business Records" }, "unit": "years", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2007-10", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRD — DIPN No. 11 (Revised), Field Audit and Investigation, para 42 (s.51C record-keeping)", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/pdf/dipn11.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-HK-014" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-hk-field-audit-dipn11", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "system": "Assess First Audit Later (AFAL) — returns assessed as filed, computer-assisted selection into desk audit / field audit / investigation", "selection_indicators": [ "heavily qualified auditor's report", "unreasonably low turnover or profit percentage", "persistent failure or late lodgement of returns", "failure to keep proper business records", "failure to provide requested material information" ], "investigation_window_years": 6, "fraud_wilful_evasion_years": 10, "third_party_notices": "s.51(4)(a) IRO", "typical_duration": "3–6 months average complexity; small cases ~14 working days" }, "unit": "procedure", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2007-10", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRD — DIPN No. 11 (Revised), Field Audit and Investigation (October 2007), paras 9-13, 26, 30, 42, 50", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/pdf/dipn11.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-HK-014" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-hk-offshore-claim-dipn21", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "guiding_principle": "operations test — what the taxpayer did to earn the profits and where (Hang Seng Bank; HK-TVBI)", "trading_profits": "wholly taxable if both purchase and sale contracts effected in HK; wholly non-taxable if both outside; one in HK creates initial presumption of full taxability; NO apportionment of trading profits", "evidence_expected": "per-transaction travel/hotel/subsistence details for staff concluding contracts abroad; agency agreements for overseas agents (paras 25-26)", "manufacturing": "place of manufacture; contract processing 50:50 apportionment norm", "advance_rulings": "available (DIPN 21 section)" }, "unit": "doctrine", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2012-07", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRD — DIPN No. 21 (Revised), Locality of Profits (July 2012)", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/pdf/dipn21.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-HK-014" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-sg-13o-13u-circular-2026", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "fund-13o-13u", "value": { "circular": "MAS FDD Cir 05/2026, Fund Tax Incentive Schemes, issued 2026-07-31", "headline_changes": { "annual_aum_di_maintenance": "removed for non-SFO 13O/13OA/13U funds, retroactive to 2025-01-01", "entry_conditions_remains": "13O non-SFO: S$5m AUM in DI at application (grace to end of 3rd YA); 13U non-SFO: S$50m at application, no grace", "ipm_5pct_cap": "removed with effect from 2026-08-01", "annex_13_standard_terms": "apply to all 13O/13OA/13U awards from 2026-08-01" } }, "unit": "circular", "period": "2026", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": "2026-07-31", "verified_at": null, "expires_at": "2026-11-19", "source": { "name": "MAS Circular FDD Cir 05/2026 (text read via PwC Singapore Tax Bulletin 2026-08-07 verbatim summary; mas.gov.sg circulars page is JS-rendered and not directly fetchable)", "url": "https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/circulars" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-016" ], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "license-sg-vcfm-80-20", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "vcfm", "value": { "rule": "at least 80% of committed capital into securities issued directly by private companies no older than 10 years at first investment; up to 20% to other private assets", "fund_form": "closed-end, no continuous subscription/redemption, accredited/institutional investors only", "in_exchange": "no minimum base capital; no track-record requirement; fit-and-proper and AML retained" }, "unit": "rule", "period": "2026", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": "2017-10-20", "verified_at": null, "expires_at": "2026-11-19", "source": { "name": "MAS FMC Licensing Guidelines (SFA 04-G05) — regime definition; mas.gov.sg JS-rendered, not directly fetchable this session; corroborated by wiki.private.law/en/vcfm and consistent consultant sources", "url": "https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/guidelines" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-016" ], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "treaty-jersey-trusts-firewall", "domain": "treaty", "jurisdiction": "JERSEY", "entity_ref": "trust", "value": { "statute": "Trusts (Jersey) Law 1984 (official consolidated version, 14 Feb 2023 – 19 Mar 2026)", "art_9": "validity/interpretation/transfers/settlor capacity/administration of a Jersey trust determined by Jersey law only; foreign forced-heirship rules disregarded (9(2)(b)); inconsistent foreign judgments unenforceable (9(4))", "art_9_limits": "no validation of trusts over foreign immovables invalid there (9(2A)(f)); testamentary dispositions invalid under testator's domicile law (9(2A)(g))", "art_9a": "reserved settlor powers (revocation, appointment, investment directions) do not invalidate the trust", "hague_1985": "applies to Jersey via UK extension" }, "unit": "statute", "period": "2026-08", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2026-03-19", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "Jersey Law — Trusts (Jersey) Law 1984, official consolidated version", "url": "https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_11_1984" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-015", "Q-MX-073" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-ip-idi", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "ip-box", "value": { "incentive": "IP Development Incentive (IDI), ITA 1947 s.43X; administered by EDB; introduced Budget 2017, effective 2018-07-01", "rates": "base 5% or 10% (approvals before 2024-02-17); 5%, 10% or 15% (approvals on/after 2024-02-17); +0.5% step-ups in later 5-year periods (s.43X(5)-(6))", "nexus": "modified nexus approach (OECD): benefit proportion tracks R&D expenditure contributing to the IP", "scope": "royalties/income from elected qualifying IPR (patents, software copyright); election irrevocable", "term": "initial ≤10 years, extensions ≤10 years each; EDB progress reporting; revocation for breach", "tp": "contemporaneous transfer-pricing documentation submittable to IRAS", "approval_cutoff": "no new IDI approvals after 31 December 2028 (s.43X(2))" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2022-01-01", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "Singapore Statutes Online — Income Tax Act 1947, s.43X (read directly) + EDB IDI circular", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ITA1947" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-056" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-nz-foreign-trust-fees", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "NZ", "entity_ref": "foreign-exemption-trust", "value": { "registration_fee_nzd": 270, "annual_return_fee_nzd": 50, "annual_fee_waiver": "waived if all trustees are natural persons", "annual_return": "each tax year, with financial statements attached (s.59D)", "disclosure": "settlers, trustees, beneficiaries, appointers/protectors with address, tax residence, TIN", "market_contraction": "11,671 foreign trusts (2016) → 2,254 (2024 National Risk Assessment)" }, "unit": "NZD", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "Inland Revenue NZ — Foreign exemption trusts: registration and annual return pages", "url": "https://www.ird.govt.nz/international-tax/foreign-exemption-trusts" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-073" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-uk-cfc-tiopa-9a", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "UK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "regime": "CFC charge, TIOPA 2010 Part 9A (inserted by Finance Act 2012)", "charge": "chargeable profits of a UK-controlled foreign company apportioned to UK corporate controllers with ≥25% relevant interest; credit for foreign tax", "gateway": "IP-derived income within target categories", "individuals": "transfer of assets abroad — ITA 2007 s.721 ff. (income treated as transferor's where power to enjoy)", "residence": "central management and control case-law test can make the foreign company UK-resident outright" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2012", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "legislation.gov.uk — TIOPA 2010 Part 9A; ITA 2007 Part 13 Ch. 2; Finance Act 2012 Sch. 20 explanatory notes", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/4" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-056" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-it-cfc-trusts", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "IT", "entity_ref": "trust", "value": { "cfc_art_167_tuir": "controlled foreign entities (direct/indirect control per art. 2359 CC or >50% profit participation): income attributed to Italian-resident controllers pro-rata to profit share when (a) effective taxation abroad < 15% (current+deferred taxes / pre-tax profit per certified accounts; fallback: less than half the Italian-comparable tax) AND (b) >1/3 of proceeds in passive categories (interest, IP royalties, dividends/participation disposals, financial leasing, banking/insurance/financial, low-value-added intra-group goods/services); exemption (comma 5): proof of effective economic activity (personnel, equipment, assets, premises), interpello route available; separate taxation at average rate, min ordinary corporate rate; simplified 15%-of-net-profit option (comma 4-ter, D.Lgs. 209/2023)", "residence_art_73_3_tuir": "companies/entities resident if sede legale, sede dell'amministrazione (= sede effettiva — where administration and direction actually happen) or oggetto principale in Italy for most of the tax period; esterovestizione doctrine per Cass. 2869/2013, 16697/2019, 33234/2018", "amendment_history": "D.Lgs. 142/2018 (ATAD), D.Lgs. 209/2023, D.L. 84/2025 → L. 108/2025" }, "unit": "doctrine", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "TUIR art. 167 full consolidated text + art. 73 case law via Brocardi (Italy's standard legal reference) + Normattiva article index (normattiva.it article view not extractable by our fetcher)", "url": "https://www.brocardi.it/testo-unico-imposte-redditi/titolo-iii/capo-ii/art167.html" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-015" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-uae-participation-exemption", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "UAE", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "provision": "Art. 23, Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022; conditions in Ministerial Decision No. 116 of 2023", "conditions_summary": "Art. 23 FDL 47/2022 + MD 116/2023 per FTA Guide CTGEXI1 (Oct 2023): ownership interest ≥5% (aggregation via qualifying group) OR minimum acquisition cost (AED 4m per practice); holding period ≥12 months (intention suffices); subject-to-tax: foreign rate ≥9%; entitlement to profits and liquidation proceeds; asset test; dividends from UAE-resident juridical persons always exempt (Art. 22(1), no further conditions)" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2023-05-10", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "FTA — Corporate Tax Guide: Exempt Income — Dividends and Participation Exemption (CTGEXI1, October 2023)", "url": "https://tax.gov.ae/Datafolder/Files/Guides/CT/CT%20-%20Exempt%20Income%20-%20Dividends%20and%20Participation%20Exemption%20-%2016%2010%202023.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-058" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-cima-fund-fees-2026", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "CAYMAN", "entity_ref": "private-fund", "value": { "annual_fee_registered_fund_cid": 4125, "effective": "2026-01-01", "subfund_aiv_fee_cid": 525, "payable": "annual fees by 15 January", "conversion": "CI$1 = US$1.21951 (CI$0.82 per US$1)" }, "unit": "CI$", "period": "2026", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": "2026-01-01", "verified_at": null, "expires_at": "2026-11-19", "source": { "name": "CIMA fees page (structure + conversion verified at cima.ky); amounts via Harneys client briefing 2026-03-04 — CIMA fee-schedule PDF not directly read", "url": "https://www.cima.ky/fees" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-FO-079" ], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-nor-scheme", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "status": "ceased", "last_status": "YA 2020 to YA 2024 — qualifying individuals keep concessions until status expiry, conditions met", "concessions_historical": { "time_apportionment": "≥90 business days outside SG + total SG employment income ≥S$160,000; floor 10% of total employment income", "overseas_pension": "employer contributions to non-mandatory overseas pension exempt subject to CPF-benchmarked cap" }, "successor": "none — no general successor regime" }, "unit": "scheme-status", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRAS — Not Ordinarily Resident (NOR) Scheme page", "url": "https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/special-tax-schemes/not-ordinarily-resident-(nor)-scheme" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-008" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "social-sg-cpf-rates-2026", "domain": "social", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "cpf", "value": { "applicability": "Singapore citizens and PRs employed in SG; EP/S Pass/Work Permit holders exempt; self-employed: MediSave only; PR graduated rates years 1-2 (joint election for full rates possible)", "rates_from_2026_01_01": { "55_and_below": { "employee": 0.2, "employer": 0.17, "total": 0.37 }, "above_55_to_60": { "employee": 0.18, "employer": 0.16, "total": 0.34 }, "above_60_to_65": { "employee": 0.125, "employer": 0.125, "total": 0.25 }, "above_65_to_70": { "employee": 0.075, "employer": 0.09, "total": 0.165 }, "above_70": { "employee": 0.05, "employer": 0.075, "total": 0.125 } }, "wage_floor_monthly_sgd": 750, "ow_ceiling_monthly_sgd_from_2026": 8000, "annual_ceiling_sgd": 102000, "band_timing": "new band from first day of month after birthday month", "senior_increase_2026": "fully allocated to Retirement Account; one-year CPF Transition Offset = half of employer-rate increase (automatic)", "sa_closure": "Special Account closed for members 55+ from early 2025 (Budget 2024)" }, "unit": "rates", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2025-03", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-01-19", "source": { "name": "MOM — COS 2025 Factsheet on Senior Employment (2026 increase, RA allocation, offset) + MOF Budget 2024 Annex F-1 + AskGov CPF answer (band timing; ≤55 = 37% = 17%+20% on wages >$750); band splits per official Annex D-4 schedule as identically reproduced across sources; cpf.gov.sg rates table itself is image-based/JS and was not machine-read", "url": "https://www.mom.gov.sg/-/media/mom/documents/budget2025/cos-2025-factsheet-on-senior-employment.pdf" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-010" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-gst-core", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "rate": { "from_2024_01_01": 0.09, "path": "7% from 2007-07-01; 8% for 2023; 9% from 2024-01-01 (s.16 GSTA 1993)" }, "scope": "taxable supplies in SG + imports (s.8)", "registration_threshold_sgd": 1000000, "registration_tests": "retrospective: taxable supplies in SG in a calendar year > S$1m (since 2019; quarterly before); prospective: reasonable grounds next 12 months > S$1m; notify within 30 days", "overseas_vendor": "global taxable supplies > S$1m AND Seventh Schedule supplies > S$100,000 (First Schedule para 1A)", "zero_rating": "s.21 — exported goods + international services list; nil rate, input tax recoverable", "exempt": "s.22 + Fourth Schedule Part 1 — financial services, residential property; no input-tax recovery; investment precious metals exempt-import (Part 2)" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "Singapore Statutes Online — Goods and Services Tax Act 1993 (ss. 8, 16, 21, 22; First Schedule)", "url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/GSTA1993" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-011" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-esop-rules", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "taxing_point": { "esop": "at exercise (open market price − exercise price)", "esow": "at vesting (or grant if no vesting period); sale-restriction → year restriction ends", "later_sale": "no CGT on disposal" }, "deemed_exercise": "foreign employee ceasing SG employment is deemed to derive gains from unexercised/unvested options and awards at tax clearance — incl. restricted instruments", "cross_border": "overseas-parent group plans and office-based grants (e.g. directors) taxed the same when employment is in SG", "deferment": "Qualified EEBR scheme — up to 5 years with interest charge", "eris": "phased out — not applicable after YA 2024", "reporting": "Form IR8A Appendix 8B / Auto-Inclusion Scheme" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2026-03-02", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRAS — Gains from the exercise of stock options (ESOP/ESOW page)", "url": "https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/what-is-taxable-what-is-not/employment-income/gains-from-the-exercise-of-stock-options" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-012" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-sg-residency-concessions", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "basis": "preceding-year basis — YA N taxes income of calendar year N-1", "residence_tests": { "183_days": "stay/work ≥183 days in preceding calendar year", "3_year_concession": "continuous 3 consecutive years → resident all 3", "2_year_straddling_concession": "employment straddling 2 calendar years + continuous stay (incl. presence immediately before/after employment) ≥183 days → resident for both YAs; excludes company directors, public entertainers, professionals", "work_pass_1y": "holders of ≥1-year work passes treated as resident, reviewed at tax clearance" }, "split_year": "none — residence determined per YA, whole-year; no apportionment by moving date", "middle_band_61_182": "non-resident; employment income at higher of 15% flat or resident progressive rates; director's fees and other income 24%", "counting": "days of employment include weekends/public holidays; temporary absences count" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRAS — Working out my tax residency", "url": "https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/tax-residency-and-tax-rates/working-out-my-tax-residency" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-013", "Q-SG-001" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "fee-hk-company-incorporation", "domain": "fee", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "incorporation_fee_electronic_hkd": 1545, "incorporation_fee_paper_hkd": 1720, "lodgment_fee_nonrefundable_hkd": "265 (e-form) / 295 (paper)", "certificates_speed": "e-form private company: certificates normally within 1 hour", "director_residence": "no HK residency requirement for directors; company secretary must ordinarily reside in HK (or be a HK firm)", "min_paid_up_capital": "none under Companies Ordinance" }, "unit": "HKD", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "Companies Registry — FAQ: Local Limited Companies — Incorporation", "url": "https://www.cr.gov.hk/en/faq/local-company/incorporation.htm" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-CM-001" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "fee-sg-acra-company", "domain": "fee", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "name_application_sgd": 15, "registration_sgd": 300, "annual_return_filing_sgd": 60 }, "unit": "SGD", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2026-01-29", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "ACRA — Service & transaction fees: Companies (figures confirmed via the official page's indexed content, dated 2026-01-29; dynamic sections not re-rendered by our fetcher)", "url": "https://www.acra.gov.sg/manage/companies/service-transaction-fees/" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-CM-001" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "fee-hk-business-registration", "domain": "fee", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "brc_1yr_total_hkd_from_2026_04_01": 2350, "composition": "HK$2,200 registration fee + HK$150 Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund levy (levy reinstated under the 2026/27 Budget after a two-year waiver)", "brc_3yr_total_hkd": 6170, "prior": "HK$2,200 total in 2024/25–2025/26 (levy waived)" }, "unit": "HKD", "period": "2026/27", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": "2026-04-01", "verified_at": null, "expires_at": "2026-11-19", "source": { "name": "IRD — Business Registration Fee and Levy Table (document exists; the amounts table is image-based and was not machine-read); amounts consistent across China Briefing and HK practice sources citing the 2026/27 Budget", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/tax/bre_lcc.htm" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-CM-001" ], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "tax-hk-fsie", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "regime": "Foreign-Sourced Income Exemption (FSIE), IRO ss.15H-15Q; in force 2023-01-01, expanded 2024-01-01 (all property disposal gains)", "covered_income": [ "dividends", "interest", "IP income", "disposal gains (any property)" ], "covered_taxpayer": "MNE entities (GloBE-style definition; natural persons excluded; SMEs without consolidation generally out)", "exemptions": "economic substance requirement (adequacy test; reduced test for pure equity-holding entities) OR participation requirement (≥5% equity held ≥12 months + 15% subject-to-tax condition)", "trader_exclusion": "non-IP disposal gains of a trader derived from its trading business excluded", "advance_ruling": "IRO s.88A, up to 5 years of assessment", "notification": "within 4 months after basis period end if no exemption applies", "territorial_unchanged": "source determination unaffected (offshore claims still possible)" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2026-05-21", "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "IRD — FAQ on FSIE Regime", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/faq/fsie.htm" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-CM-004", "Q-HK-013" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-hk-mpf-permanent-departure", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": "mpf", "value": { "rule": "MPF accrued benefits withdrawable at 65; early withdrawal grounds include permanent departure from Hong Kong", "requirements": "statutory declaration of departure with no intention to return for employment/resettlement + supporting documents to the trustee", "once_in_lifetime": "permanent-departure ground usable only once per person", "false_declaration": "criminal offence (MPFA warning 2020)" }, "unit": "rule", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "MPFA — Early Withdrawal of MPF + MPFA policy article on permanent-departure claims", "url": "https://www.mpfa.org.hk/en/mpf-system/withdrawal-of-mpf/early-withdrawal" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-RL-003" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "migration-sg-pep", "domain": "migration", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "pep", "value": { "salary_min_fixed_monthly_sgd": 22500, "benchmark": "top 10% of EP holders", "overseas_applicants": "last drawn fixed monthly salary within 6 months before application", "keeping": { "employment": "continuous — unemployment > 6 months ends the pass", "annual_fixed_salary_sgd": 270000, "legacy_applied_before_2023_09_01": 144000 }, "exclusions": [ "freelancers", "sole proprietors/partners/shareholder-directors of ACRA companies", "no starting a business / entrepreneurial activity", "restricted occupations (media, religion et al.)" ], "validity": "3 years, non-renewable (verify current validity terms at mom.gov.sg)", "employer_tie": "none — job switch without new application" }, "unit": "SGD", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "MOM — Eligibility for Personalised Employment Pass", "url": "https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/personalised-employment-pass/eligibility" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-018" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "migration-sg-dp-work", "domain": "migration", "jurisdiction": "SG", "entity_ref": "dependants-pass", "value": { "main_rule": "DP does not authorize work; routes: own EP/S Pass (DP cancelled on issue), DP-WP, or narrow LOC carve-outs", "dp_wp": { "no_min_salary": true, "validity": "tied to DP", "no_6monthly_medical": true, "no_security_bond": true, "quota_levy": "sector quota (DRC) + monthly levy S$200–600 by sector/tier; tier mergers announced for 2028" }, "loc_carveouts": [ "ONE Pass dependants may apply for LOC", "eligible DP business owners (own registered business) — verify current eligibility" ], "ltvp_plus": "spouses/children of citizens/PRs on LTVP/LTVP+ — employer-applied LOC (different track, ICA-issued)", "volunteer": "unpaid charitable work allowed without a pass" }, "unit": "rules", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "MOM — Working in Singapore (Dependant's Pass)", "url": "https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/dependants-pass/working-in-singapore" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-SG-025" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "migration-jus-soli-map", "domain": "migration", "jurisdiction": "GLOBAL", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "unconditional": { "US": "14th Amendment; EO 14160 struck down by SCOTUS 2026-06-30 (Trump v. Barbara, 6-3)", "CA": "Citizenship Act s.3(1)(a), diplomat exception s.3(2)", "MX": "Constitution Art. 30", "BR": "Constitution Art. 12.I.a (parents not in service of their country)", "AR": "Citizenship Law 346 — verify current text at infoleg.gob.ar" }, "conditional": { "UK": "parent British citizen or settled (since 1983-01-01); registration routes", "IE": "automatic only pre-2005-01-01; since then parent's reckonable residence (3 years)", "AU": "parent citizen/PR at birth, or 10-year ordinarily-resident rule (s.12)", "NZ": "parent citizen/entitled to reside indefinitely (since 2006-01-01, s.6)", "DE": "parent ≥5 years lawful residence + unlimited right (since 2024-06-27, StARModG; was 8 years)", "FR": "automatic at 18 after 5 years residence since age 11; double jus soli — verify service-public.fr", "PT": "parent legal residence at birth; period raised by 2025/26 reform (reported 5 years, was 1) — verify aima.gov.pt" }, "traps": { "us_tax_tail": "citizenship-based taxation + FATCA/FBAR for life", "dual_restrictions": "per country", "birth_tourism_scrutiny": "US/CA border scrutiny" }, "parental_bonuses": "country-specific residence accelerators in parts of LatAm; reform-prone — verify per country" }, "unit": "map", "period": "2026-08", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-02-19", "source": { "name": "Read directly 2026-08-19: constitution.congress.gov (US 14th), laws-lois.justice.gc.ca (CA s.3), gov.uk (UK), legislation.gov.au (AU s.12), bmi.bund.de (DE), planalto.gov.br (BR art. 12), scjn.gob.mx (MX art. 30), citizensinformation.ie (IE), legislation.govt.nz (NZ); linked-not-read: infoleg.gob.ar (AR), service-public.fr / vie-publique.fr (FR), aima.gov.pt (PT)", "url": "https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-14/" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-019" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-de-cfc-astg", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "DE", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "regime": "Hinzurechnungsbesteuerung (AStG §§7-14)", "control": ">50% of voting rights, capital shares, or profit/liquidation entitlement — alone or with related parties (§7(2)), incl. attribution via coordinated behaviour (§7(4))", "scope": "foreign company (Körperschaft/Personenvereinigung/Vermögensmasse) with neither management nor seat in Germany", "effect": "income for which the company is an intermediary (passive, per §§8-10) attributed to the German taxpayer pro-rata to capital participation, without distribution", "low_tax_element": "§8(5) AStG (low-taxation definition)", "note": "ATAD arts. 7-8 German implementation" }, "unit": "regime", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-19", "expires_at": "2027-08-19", "source": { "name": "gesetze-im-internet.de — AStG §7 (current text read directly)", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/astg/__7.html" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-MX-023" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-hk-salaries-allowances-2026", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "ya_2025_26": { "basic": 132000, "married": 264000, "single_parent": 132000, "child_each": 130000, "additional_child": 130000, "dependent_parent_60plus": 50000, "dependent_parent_55_59": 25000 }, "ya_2026_27_onwards": { "basic": 145000, "married": 290000, "single_parent": 145000, "child_each": 140000, "additional_child": 140000, "dependent_parent_60plus": 55000, "dependent_parent_55_59": 27500 }, "elderly_residential_care_deduction": { "ya_2025_26": 100000, "ya_2026_27": 110000 }, "newborn_additional": "period extended 1→2 years from YA 2026/27 (children born on/after 2025-04-01)", "one_off_reduction": "100% profits/salaries/personal-assessment reduction for YA 2025/26, ceiling HK$3,000 per case (gazetted 2026-05-22)" }, "unit": "HKD", "period": "2026/27", "status": "verified", "published_at": "2026-05-22", "verified_at": "2026-08-20", "expires_at": "2027-04-01", "source": { "name": "IRD — 2026-27 Budget: Tax Measures (allowance table)", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/tax/budget.htm" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-HK-001" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "tax-hk-salaries-progressive-brackets", "domain": "tax", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": null, "value": { "brackets": [ { "band": "first HK$50,000", "rate": 0.02 }, { "band": "next HK$50,000", "rate": 0.06 }, { "band": "next HK$50,000", "rate": 0.1 }, { "band": "next HK$50,000", "rate": 0.14 }, { "band": "remainder", "rate": 0.17 } ], "basis": "net chargeable income (after deductions and allowances); pay the lower of progressive vs standard rate (15% of net income)", "note": "stable schedule across recent YAs; IRD worked example shows 2/6/10 progression on $50k bands" }, "unit": "rate", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-20", "expires_at": "2027-04-01", "source": { "name": "IRD — salaries tax worked example (banded 2/6/10 progression) + GovHK rates page; PwC Tax Summaries corroboration (2/6/10/14/17)", "url": "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/tax/ind_sp_paeg.htm" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-HK-001" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "license-hk-mpf-contributions", "domain": "license", "jurisdiction": "HK", "entity_ref": "mpf", "value": { "rate_employer": 0.05, "rate_employee": 0.05, "monthly_relevant_income_min_hkd": 7100, "monthly_relevant_income_max_hkd": 30000, "monthly_cap_each_hkd": 1500, "daily_levels": "$280 min / $1,000 max for non-monthly paid", "contribution_holiday": "first 30 days of employment (employee side)", "contribution_day": "10th of each month", "vesting": "fully and immediately vested", "pending": "MPFA consulted Labour Advisory Board (2026-03-31) on raising thresholds (reported min HK$10,500, max HK$40,000) — proposal, not in force as of 2026-08-20" }, "unit": "rates", "period": "2026", "status": "verified", "published_at": null, "verified_at": "2026-08-20", "expires_at": "2027-08-20", "source": { "name": "MPFA — Mandatory Contributions: Employees", "url": "https://www.mpfa.org.hk/en/mpf-system/mandatory-contributions/employees" }, "q_ids": [ "Q-HK-011" ], "verification_pending": false }, { "fact_id": "family-gb-iht-rate", "domain": "family", "jurisdiction": "GB", "entity_ref": "inheritance-tax", "value": { "rate": 0.4, "nil_rate_band": 325000 }, "unit": "GBP", "period": "2026-07", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": null, "verified_at": null, "expires_at": null, "source": { "name": "UK inheritance tax: 40% above the £325,000 nil-rate band — lawyer-reviewed TS dataset, mothership src/lib/nodes (managing partner review 2026-07-03)", "url": null }, "q_ids": [], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "family-gb-iht-long-term-resident", "domain": "family", "jurisdiction": "GB", "entity_ref": "inheritance-tax", "value": { "test": "10 of the last 20 tax years", "effective_from": "2025-04-06", "tail_years": "3-10" }, "unit": null, "period": "2026-07", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": null, "verified_at": null, "expires_at": null, "source": { "name": "UK residence-based IHT scope (long-term resident test) from 6 April 2025 — lawyer-reviewed TS dataset, mothership src/lib/nodes (managing partner review 2026-07-03)", "url": null }, "q_ids": [], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "family-us-estate-tax-nonresident-exemption", "domain": "family", "jurisdiction": "US", "entity_ref": "estate-tax", "value": { "exemption": 60000, "top_rate": 0.4 }, "unit": "USD", "period": "2026-07", "status": "needs_verification", "published_at": null, "verified_at": null, "expires_at": null, "source": { "name": "US estate tax exemption for non-resident aliens ($60,000, rates up to 40%) — lawyer-reviewed TS dataset, mothership src/lib/nodes (managing partner review 2026-07-03)", "url": null }, "q_ids": [], "verification_pending": true }, { "fact_id": "family-fr-reserve-shares", "domain": "family", "jurisdiction": "FR", "entity_ref": "forced-heirship", "value": { 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